Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Alkaliphilic Bacteria: Mechanisms, Applications and Future Perspectives
Rani J. Rathod
*
Department of Microbiology, Government College of Arts and Science, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar - 431 001, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are extensively utilized in various industries; however, their toxic and persistent nature creates serious environmental and health concerns. Conventional treatment methods are frequently costly and may not provide complete pollutant removal. The paper summarizes the classification and characteristics of alkaliphilic bacteria, describes the enzymatic mechanisms involved in nitroaromatic reduction, and highlights recent research findings from laboratory and field studies. Key applications in environmental bioremediation are highlighted. Current challenges, such as slow degradation rates and limited genetic understanding, are also discussed. The review concludes that alkaliphilic bacteria offer a promising, eco-friendly solution for treating nitroaromatic-contaminated sites adapted to alkaline environments in which many ordinary microorganisms fail to survive. Although microbial biodegradation has been widely investigated, comparatively limited attention has been given to alkaliphilic bacteria and their degradation potential under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, information regarding their enzymatic mechanisms, degradation efficiency, and environmental applications remains scattered across the available literature.
Keywords: Nitroaromatic compounds, alkaliphilic bacteria, biodegradation, nitro reductase enzymes, environmental remediation, extremophiles