Developing the Styrofoam Systems Education Model (SSEM): An Integrative Critical Review and Conceptual Framework for Mitigating Polystyrene Foam Pollution
Leo Chigbu Osuji *
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, Choba, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Institute of Natural Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development (INRES), University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence for Oilfield Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Rosemary Chikaodili Ugonwa
Department of Science Education, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Open, Distance and e-Learning Centre, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Christiana Uzoaru Okorie
Environmental Education Unit, Department of Adult & Non-Formal Education, University of Port Harcourt Choba, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Nnennaya Kalu-Uche
g Department of Science Education, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Nigeria.
Theresa O. Egbuchunam
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.
Chisom C. Umeileka
Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA.
Ozioma J. Anekwe-Nwekeaku
Department of Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Foamed polystyrene, widely known by the colloquial name Styrofoam, is a lightweight, low-cost material whose physical properties make it unusually prone to fragmentation, wind and water transport, and poor recovery once it escapes waste systems. Regulatory bans have expanded, yet the educational dimension of mitigation has received little systematic attention, and plastic-pollution education is rarely designed around the material-specific, life-cycle and behavioural features of a single problematic product class.
Purpose and Scope: This integrative critical review examines environmental, health, life-cycle, policy, behavioural and educational evidence relevant to polystyrene foam, and uses the synthesis to develop a conceptual framework, the Styrofoam Systems Education Model.
Approach: A critical narrative design was used, drawing on education, environmental science, behavioural science and policy literature identified through multidisciplinary scholarly indexes, institutional sources and citation chasing, with the final search completed on 27 July 2026.
Principal Findings: Evidence that polystyrene foam fragments readily, carries hazardous additives such as brominated flame retardants, and resists economic recovery is comparatively strong. Evidence on human health risk from food-contact use is less conclusive, and comparative life cycle studies show that substitute materials are not automatically preferable. Insect-mediated and photochemical degradation findings are scientifically important but remain distant from field-scale remediation. Plastic-pollution education reliably improves knowledge, whereas effects on observed behaviour are weaker, frequently self-reported and seldom followed over time. Systems-thinking, life-cycle and action-competence research offers the most coherent theoretical foundation for education that addresses these gaps.
Framework: The proposed model links five components, namely material literacy, life-cycle systems reasoning, evidence and uncertainty appraisal, action competence, and institutional and community coupling, and distinguishes relationships supported by empirical research from those that remain hypothesised.
Implications and Unresolved Questions: The model offers a testable structure for curriculum design, teacher education and evaluation, but its effect on foam consumption and leakage has not been demonstrated.
Conclusion: Education is best positioned as a complement to regulation, infrastructure and product redesign, and the model requires staged empirical validation across educational levels, sectors and socio-economic settings.
Keywords: Expanded polystyrene, plastic pollution education, systems thinking, life cycle thinking, action competence, education for sustainable development, single-use plastics policy, conceptual framework