BIOMONITORING OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAVY METALS DEPOSITION USING BRYOPHYTES: A REVIEW
Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 1,
Page 46-58
Abstract
Primary target of this study is to give an orientation about the atmospheric contamination caused mainly due to airborne heavy metals, sourced naturally or by anthropogenic activities. Further, an attempt is made to lay down a basic idea about the wide use of bryophytes as good bio-indicators or bio-monitors of heavy metals in the atmosphere due to their simple morphological and physiological characteristics. Bio-monitoring has become one of the main focuses of researchers and the scientific community, as they are very helpful in providing valuable toxicological data of the environment, its impact on the ecological system, and risk assessment and further help to devise a mechanism to fight against and mitigate its adverse effect.
Keywords:
- Bryophytes
- heavy metals
- biomonitoring
- pollution
- environment
How to Cite
JOSHI, S. (2021). BIOMONITORING OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAVY METALS DEPOSITION USING BRYOPHYTES: A REVIEW. Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, 6(1), 46–58. Retrieved from https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/6809
References
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Alam A. Bryomonitoring of Environmental Pollution. In: Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Vats, S. (Ed.). Springer, New York. 2018;349-365.
ISBN: 978-98-110-9028-8.
Gignac LD. Bryophytes as indicators of climate change. The Bryologist. 2001;104(3): 410-420.
Singh S, Srivastava K, Gahtori D, Saxena DK. Bryomonitoring of atmospheric elements in Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par., growing in Uttarakhand region of Indian Himalayas. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2017;17(3):810-820.
Varela Z, Fernández JA, Aboal JR, Real C, Carballeira A. Determination of the optimal size of area to be sampled by use of the moss biomonitoring technique. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 2010;65(1):37-48.
Saxena A, Saxena DK, Saxena A. Biomonitoring of Air Quality with Bryophytes Using Diversity and Frequency as An indicator. The Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 2010;89(1and2):217-221.
Rajput M, Agrawal M. Physiological and yield responses of pea plants to ambient air pollution. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2004;9:9-14.
Morais S, Costa FG, Pereira, MDL. Heavy metals and human health. Environmental Health–Emerging Issues and Practice. 2012; 10(1):227-245.
Nag P, Paul AK, Mukherji S. Heavy metal effects in plant tissues involving chlorophyll, chlorophyllase, Hill reaction activity & gel electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology; 1981.
Sloof JE, De Bruin M, Wolterbeek HT. Critical evaluation of some commonly used biological monitors for heavy metal air pollution. In Environmental Contamination: Proceedings of the International Conference Venice (Italy). 1988;296-298.
Ojo FP, Oluseye OC, Abiola OG. Mosses as biomonitors of heavy metal deposition in the atmosphere. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2012;1(2):56-62.
Mahapatra B, Dhal NK, Dash AK, Panda BP, Panigrahi KCS, Pradhan A. Perspective of mitigating atmospheric heavy metal pollution: using mosses as biomonitoring and indicator organism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019;26(29):29620-29638.
Tangahu BV, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering; 2011.
Saxena DK, Saiful-Arfeen M. Active biomonitoring of atmospheric metal deposition by Bryum species around Almora, Nainital and Pithoragarh of Kumaon Hills India. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 2010;9:1-12.
Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2010;8(3):199-216.
Zechmeister HG, Grodzińska K, Szarek-Łukaszewska G. Bryophytes. In Trace Metals and other Contaminants in the Environment. Elsevier. 2003;6:329-375.
Zhou X, Chen Q, Liu C, Fang Y. Using moss to assess airborne heavy metal pollution in Taizhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(4):430.
Saxena DK, Hooda PS, Singh S, Srivastava K, Kalaji HM, Gahtori D. An assessment of atmospheric metal deposition in Garhwal Hills, India by moss Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par. Geophytology. 2013;43(1):17-28.
Saxena DK, Singh S, Srivastava K. Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Garhwal hill area (India): Estimation based on native moss analysis. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2008;8(1):94-111.
Zechmeister HG, Hohenwallner D, Riss A, Hanus-Illnar A. Variations in heavy metal concentrations in the moss species Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch. according to sampling time, within site variability and increase in biomass. Science of the Total Environment. 2003;301(1-3):55-65.
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Wu L, Fu S, Wang X, Chang X. Mapping of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Guangzhou city, southern China using archived bryophytes. Environmental Pollution. 2020;265:114998.
Díaz-Somoano M, Kylander ME, López-Antón MA, Suárez-Ruiz I, Martínez-Tarazona MR, Ferrat M, Weiss DJ. Stable lead isotope compositions in selected coals from around the world and implications for present day aerosol source tracing. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009;43(4):1078-1085.
Shao X, Cheng H, Li Q, Lin C. Anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of cadmium in China. Atmospheric Environment. 2013;79:155-160.
Lu M, Huang Z, Yuan Z, Jia G, Xiao X, Wu Y, Zheng J. Anthropogenic atmospheric toxic metals emission inventory and its spatial characteristics in Guangdong province, China. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;670:1146-1158.
Zechmeister HG. Annual growth of four pleurocarpous moss species and their applicability for biomonitoring heavy metals. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 1998;52(3):441-451.
Hristozova G, Marinova S, Svozilík V, Nekhoroshkov P, Frontasyeva MV. Biomonitoring of elemental atmospheric deposition: spatial distributions in the 2015/2016 moss survey in Bulgaria. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2020; 323(2):839-849.
Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Estiarte M. Warming and drought change trace element bioaccumulation patterns in a Mediterranean shrubland. Chemosphere. 2008; 70(5):874-885.
Saxena DK, Srivastava K, Singh S. Retrospective metal data of the last 100 years deduced by moss, Barbula sp. from Mussoorie city, Garhwal Hills, India. Current Science. 2008;901-904.
Naqvi N, Khan TA, Mazid M, Khan F, Quddusi S, Roychowdhury R, et al. Phytoremediatory Potential of Guava and Ashok Tree at Three Different Sites of Bareilly District—A Case Study. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 2014; 9:101-109.
Singh S, Saxena N, Srivastava K, Saxena DK. Effect of Pb and Zn stress on growth parameters of Spinach oleracea. Environment Conservation Journal. 2010;11(1-2):11-15.
Reis AP, Patinha C, Ferreira da Silva E, Sousa A, Figueira R, Sérgio C, Novais V. Assessment of human exposure to environmental heavy metals in soils and bryophytes of the central region of Portugal. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2010;20(2): 87-113.
Saxena DK, Singh S, Srivastava K. Effect of lead and copper on enzyme activity in two bryophytes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology (India); 2008.
Sahu V, Nath V, Asthana AK, Yunus M. Marchantia paleacea Bertol. as quantitative biomonitor of atmospheric heavy metals deposition. J Recent Adv Appl Sci. 2014; 29:22-27.
Parmar TK, Rawtani D, Agrawal YK. Bioindicators: The natural indicator of environmental pollution. Frontiers in Life Science. 2016;9(2):110-118.
Mishra M, Dash PK, Alam A, Sahoo S, Das R. Current status of diversity and distribution of Bryophytes of Odisha. Plant Science Today. 2016;3(2):186-194.
Alam A, Sharma V. Seasonal variation in accumulation of heavy metals in Lunularia cruciata (Linn.) Dum. at Nilgiri hills, Western Ghats. International Journal of Biological Science and Engineering. 2012;3(2):91-99.
Gecheva G, Yurukova L. Water pollutant monitoring with aquatic bryophytes: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2014;12(1):49-61.
Manning WJ, Feder WA. Biomonitoring air pollutants with plants. Applied Science Publishers; 1980.
Martin MH, Coughtrey PJ. Biological indicators of natural ore-bodies: Geobotanical and biogeochemical prospecting for heavy metal deposits. In Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution. Springer, Dordrecht. 1982;34-59.
Markert B. Inorganic chemical investigations in the forest biosphere reserve near Kalinin, USSR: I. mosses and peat profiles as bioindicators for different chemical elements. Vegetatio. 1991;127-135.
Markert BA, Breure AM, Zechmeister HG. Definitions, strategies and principles for bioindication/biomonitoring of the environment. In Trace Metals and other Contaminants in the Environment. Elsevier. 2003;6:3-39.
Markert B. From biomonitoring to integrated observation of the environment-The Multi-Markered Bioindication Concept. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S. 2008;15(3):315-333.
Saxena A, Saxena DK, Srivastava HS. The influence of glutathione on physiological effects of lead and its accumulation in moss Sphagnum squarrosum. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2003;143(1):351-361.
Weiss D, Shotyk W, Cheburkin AK, Gloor M, Reese S. Atmospheric lead deposition from 12,400 to ca. 2,000 yrs BP in a peat bog profile, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 1997;100(3):311-324.
Saxena DK, Srivastava K, Singh S. Biomonitoring of metal deposition by using moss transplant method through Hypnum cupressiforme (Hedw.) in Mussoorie. J Environ Biol. 2008;29:683-688.
Dash PK, Sahu OK, Saxena OK. Bryoflora of Baphlamali hill ranges, Orissa, India. E-planet. 2009;7(1):32-34.
Glime JM, Saxena D. Uses of bryophytes. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publ; 1991.
Syso AS. Using the Cr, Ni relationship for monitoring environmental pollution. Agrokhimiya. 1998;4:76-83.
Steinnes E. Heavy Metals in Norwegian Wildlife: Contributions from Natural and Anthropogenic Sources. Chemical Data of Plant, Animal and Human Tissue as a Basis of Geomedical Investigations, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo. 1996;101-113.
Saxena A, Saxena A. Bioaccumulation and glutathione-mediated detoxification of copper and cadmium in Sphagnum squarrosum Crome Samml. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2012;184(7):4097-4103.
Rauser WE. Phytochelatins and related peptides. Structure, biosynthesis, and function. Plant Physiology. 1995;109(4):1141.
Stanković JD, Sabovljević AD, Sabovljević MS. Bryophytes and heavy metals: a review. Acta Botanica Croatica. 2018; 77(2):109-118.
Kovács M. Biological Indicators in Environmental Protection; 1992.
Streit B. Chemical properties of metals and the process of bioaccumulation in terrestrial plants. Plants as Biomonitors. 1993; 31-62.
Dietz F. Die Anreicherung von Schwermetallen in submersen Pflanzen; 1972.
Chakrabortty S, Paratkar GT. Biomonitoring of trace element air pollution using mosses. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2006;6(3):247-258.
Hoodaji M, Ataabadi M, Najafi P. Biomonitoring of airborne heavy metal contamination. Air Pollut.–Monit., Model., Health Control. 2012;21.
Bargagli R, Brown DH, Nelli L. Metal biomonitoring with mosses: procedures for correcting for soil contamination. Environmental Pollution. 1995;89(2):169-175.
Bargagli R, Monaci F, Borghini F, Bravi F, Agnorelli C. Mosses and lichens as biomonitors of trace metals. A comparison study on Hypnum cupressiforme and Parmelia caperata in a former mining district in Italy. Environmental Pollution. 2002;116(2):279-287.
Tyler G. Bryophytes and heavy metals: a literature review. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. 1990;104(1-3):231-253.
Richter C, Dainty J. Ion behavior in plant cell walls. I. Characterization of the Sphagnum russowii cell wall ion exchanger. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1989;67(2):451-459.
Carballeira CB, Aboal JR, Fernández JA, Carballeira A. Comparison of the accumulation of elements in two terrestrial moss species. Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(20):4904-4917.
Kelly MG, Girton CÉ, Whitton BA. Use of moss-bags for monitoring heavy metals in rivers. Water Research. 1987;21(11):1429-1435.
Saxena DK. Biomonitoring of Pb, Ni, Cr, Hg with the help of bryophytes in Nainital. Perspective in Indian Bryology, Dehradun. 2001;155-170.
González AG, Pokrovsky OS. Metal adsorption on mosses: toward a universal adsorption model. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2014;415:169-178.
Vazquez MD, Lopez J, Carballeira A. Uptake of heavy metals to the extracellular and intracellular compartments in three species of aquatic bryophyte. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 1999;44(1):12-24.
Salemaa M, Derome J, Helmisaari HS, Nieminen T, Vanha-Majamaa I. Element accumulation in boreal bryophytes, lichens and vascular plants exposed to heavy metal and sulfur deposition in Finland. Science of the Total Environment. 2004;324(1-3):141-160.
Castello M. A comparison between two moss species used as transplants for airborne trace element biomonitoring in NE Italy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2007;133(1):267-276.
Shakya K, Chettri MK, Sawidis T. Impact of heavy metals (copper, zinc, and lead) on the chlorophyll content of some mosses. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2008;54(3):412-421.
Tuba Z, Saxena DK, Srivastava K, Singh S, Czobel S, Kalaji HM. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements for validating the tolerant bryophytes for heavy metal (Pb) biomapping. Current Science. 2010;1505- 1508.
Tyagi R, Gupta P, Uniyal PL. The effect of lead and zinc concentrations on the growth of four species of bryophytes. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2007;1(2):128-135.
Harinder Saxena DK. Uses of bryophytes. Resonance. 2004;9:56-65.
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Alam A. Bryomonitoring of Environmental Pollution. In: Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Vats, S. (Ed.). Springer, New York. 2018;349-365.
ISBN: 978-98-110-9028-8.
Gignac LD. Bryophytes as indicators of climate change. The Bryologist. 2001;104(3): 410-420.
Singh S, Srivastava K, Gahtori D, Saxena DK. Bryomonitoring of atmospheric elements in Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par., growing in Uttarakhand region of Indian Himalayas. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2017;17(3):810-820.
Varela Z, Fernández JA, Aboal JR, Real C, Carballeira A. Determination of the optimal size of area to be sampled by use of the moss biomonitoring technique. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 2010;65(1):37-48.
Saxena A, Saxena DK, Saxena A. Biomonitoring of Air Quality with Bryophytes Using Diversity and Frequency as An indicator. The Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 2010;89(1and2):217-221.
Rajput M, Agrawal M. Physiological and yield responses of pea plants to ambient air pollution. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2004;9:9-14.
Morais S, Costa FG, Pereira, MDL. Heavy metals and human health. Environmental Health–Emerging Issues and Practice. 2012; 10(1):227-245.
Nag P, Paul AK, Mukherji S. Heavy metal effects in plant tissues involving chlorophyll, chlorophyllase, Hill reaction activity & gel electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology; 1981.
Sloof JE, De Bruin M, Wolterbeek HT. Critical evaluation of some commonly used biological monitors for heavy metal air pollution. In Environmental Contamination: Proceedings of the International Conference Venice (Italy). 1988;296-298.
Ojo FP, Oluseye OC, Abiola OG. Mosses as biomonitors of heavy metal deposition in the atmosphere. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2012;1(2):56-62.
Mahapatra B, Dhal NK, Dash AK, Panda BP, Panigrahi KCS, Pradhan A. Perspective of mitigating atmospheric heavy metal pollution: using mosses as biomonitoring and indicator organism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019;26(29):29620-29638.
Tangahu BV, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering; 2011.
Saxena DK, Saiful-Arfeen M. Active biomonitoring of atmospheric metal deposition by Bryum species around Almora, Nainital and Pithoragarh of Kumaon Hills India. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 2010;9:1-12.
Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2010;8(3):199-216.
Zechmeister HG, Grodzińska K, Szarek-Łukaszewska G. Bryophytes. In Trace Metals and other Contaminants in the Environment. Elsevier. 2003;6:329-375.
Zhou X, Chen Q, Liu C, Fang Y. Using moss to assess airborne heavy metal pollution in Taizhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(4):430.
Saxena DK, Hooda PS, Singh S, Srivastava K, Kalaji HM, Gahtori D. An assessment of atmospheric metal deposition in Garhwal Hills, India by moss Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par. Geophytology. 2013;43(1):17-28.
Saxena DK, Singh S, Srivastava K. Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Garhwal hill area (India): Estimation based on native moss analysis. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2008;8(1):94-111.
Zechmeister HG, Hohenwallner D, Riss A, Hanus-Illnar A. Variations in heavy metal concentrations in the moss species Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch. according to sampling time, within site variability and increase in biomass. Science of the Total Environment. 2003;301(1-3):55-65.
Macedo-Miranda G, Avila-Pérez P, Gil-Vargas P, Zarazúa G, Sánchez-Meza JC, Zepeda-Gómez C, et al. Accumulation of heavy metals in mosses: A biomonitoring study. Springer Plus. 2016;5(1):1-13.
Saxena DK, Srivastava K, Singh S. Retrospective metal data of past 10 years by analysis of moss Barbula sp. from Mussoorie city of India. Scripta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Ostraviensis. 2008; 186:178-182.
Tipping E, Vincent CD, Lawlor AJ, Lofts S. Metal accumulation by stream bryophytes, related to chemical speciation. Environmental Pollution. 2008;156(3):936-943.
Wu L, Fu S, Wang X, Chang X. Mapping of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Guangzhou city, southern China using archived bryophytes. Environmental Pollution. 2020;265:114998.
Díaz-Somoano M, Kylander ME, López-Antón MA, Suárez-Ruiz I, Martínez-Tarazona MR, Ferrat M, Weiss DJ. Stable lead isotope compositions in selected coals from around the world and implications for present day aerosol source tracing. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009;43(4):1078-1085.
Shao X, Cheng H, Li Q, Lin C. Anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of cadmium in China. Atmospheric Environment. 2013;79:155-160.
Lu M, Huang Z, Yuan Z, Jia G, Xiao X, Wu Y, Zheng J. Anthropogenic atmospheric toxic metals emission inventory and its spatial characteristics in Guangdong province, China. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;670:1146-1158.
Zechmeister HG. Annual growth of four pleurocarpous moss species and their applicability for biomonitoring heavy metals. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 1998;52(3):441-451.
Hristozova G, Marinova S, Svozilík V, Nekhoroshkov P, Frontasyeva MV. Biomonitoring of elemental atmospheric deposition: spatial distributions in the 2015/2016 moss survey in Bulgaria. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2020; 323(2):839-849.
Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Estiarte M. Warming and drought change trace element bioaccumulation patterns in a Mediterranean shrubland. Chemosphere. 2008; 70(5):874-885.
Saxena DK, Srivastava K, Singh S. Retrospective metal data of the last 100 years deduced by moss, Barbula sp. from Mussoorie city, Garhwal Hills, India. Current Science. 2008;901-904.
Naqvi N, Khan TA, Mazid M, Khan F, Quddusi S, Roychowdhury R, et al. Phytoremediatory Potential of Guava and Ashok Tree at Three Different Sites of Bareilly District—A Case Study. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 2014; 9:101-109.
Singh S, Saxena N, Srivastava K, Saxena DK. Effect of Pb and Zn stress on growth parameters of Spinach oleracea. Environment Conservation Journal. 2010;11(1-2):11-15.
Reis AP, Patinha C, Ferreira da Silva E, Sousa A, Figueira R, Sérgio C, Novais V. Assessment of human exposure to environmental heavy metals in soils and bryophytes of the central region of Portugal. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2010;20(2): 87-113.
Saxena DK, Singh S, Srivastava K. Effect of lead and copper on enzyme activity in two bryophytes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology (India); 2008.
Sahu V, Nath V, Asthana AK, Yunus M. Marchantia paleacea Bertol. as quantitative biomonitor of atmospheric heavy metals deposition. J Recent Adv Appl Sci. 2014; 29:22-27.
Parmar TK, Rawtani D, Agrawal YK. Bioindicators: The natural indicator of environmental pollution. Frontiers in Life Science. 2016;9(2):110-118.
Mishra M, Dash PK, Alam A, Sahoo S, Das R. Current status of diversity and distribution of Bryophytes of Odisha. Plant Science Today. 2016;3(2):186-194.
Alam A, Sharma V. Seasonal variation in accumulation of heavy metals in Lunularia cruciata (Linn.) Dum. at Nilgiri hills, Western Ghats. International Journal of Biological Science and Engineering. 2012;3(2):91-99.
Gecheva G, Yurukova L. Water pollutant monitoring with aquatic bryophytes: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2014;12(1):49-61.
Manning WJ, Feder WA. Biomonitoring air pollutants with plants. Applied Science Publishers; 1980.
Martin MH, Coughtrey PJ. Biological indicators of natural ore-bodies: Geobotanical and biogeochemical prospecting for heavy metal deposits. In Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution. Springer, Dordrecht. 1982;34-59.
Markert B. Inorganic chemical investigations in the forest biosphere reserve near Kalinin, USSR: I. mosses and peat profiles as bioindicators for different chemical elements. Vegetatio. 1991;127-135.
Markert BA, Breure AM, Zechmeister HG. Definitions, strategies and principles for bioindication/biomonitoring of the environment. In Trace Metals and other Contaminants in the Environment. Elsevier. 2003;6:3-39.
Markert B. From biomonitoring to integrated observation of the environment-The Multi-Markered Bioindication Concept. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S. 2008;15(3):315-333.
Saxena A, Saxena DK, Srivastava HS. The influence of glutathione on physiological effects of lead and its accumulation in moss Sphagnum squarrosum. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2003;143(1):351-361.
Weiss D, Shotyk W, Cheburkin AK, Gloor M, Reese S. Atmospheric lead deposition from 12,400 to ca. 2,000 yrs BP in a peat bog profile, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 1997;100(3):311-324.
Saxena DK, Srivastava K, Singh S. Biomonitoring of metal deposition by using moss transplant method through Hypnum cupressiforme (Hedw.) in Mussoorie. J Environ Biol. 2008;29:683-688.
Dash PK, Sahu OK, Saxena OK. Bryoflora of Baphlamali hill ranges, Orissa, India. E-planet. 2009;7(1):32-34.
Glime JM, Saxena D. Uses of bryophytes. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publ; 1991.
Syso AS. Using the Cr, Ni relationship for monitoring environmental pollution. Agrokhimiya. 1998;4:76-83.
Steinnes E. Heavy Metals in Norwegian Wildlife: Contributions from Natural and Anthropogenic Sources. Chemical Data of Plant, Animal and Human Tissue as a Basis of Geomedical Investigations, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo. 1996;101-113.
Saxena A, Saxena A. Bioaccumulation and glutathione-mediated detoxification of copper and cadmium in Sphagnum squarrosum Crome Samml. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2012;184(7):4097-4103.
Rauser WE. Phytochelatins and related peptides. Structure, biosynthesis, and function. Plant Physiology. 1995;109(4):1141.
Stanković JD, Sabovljević AD, Sabovljević MS. Bryophytes and heavy metals: a review. Acta Botanica Croatica. 2018; 77(2):109-118.
Kovács M. Biological Indicators in Environmental Protection; 1992.
Streit B. Chemical properties of metals and the process of bioaccumulation in terrestrial plants. Plants as Biomonitors. 1993; 31-62.
Dietz F. Die Anreicherung von Schwermetallen in submersen Pflanzen; 1972.
Chakrabortty S, Paratkar GT. Biomonitoring of trace element air pollution using mosses. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2006;6(3):247-258.
Hoodaji M, Ataabadi M, Najafi P. Biomonitoring of airborne heavy metal contamination. Air Pollut.–Monit., Model., Health Control. 2012;21.
Bargagli R, Brown DH, Nelli L. Metal biomonitoring with mosses: procedures for correcting for soil contamination. Environmental Pollution. 1995;89(2):169-175.
Bargagli R, Monaci F, Borghini F, Bravi F, Agnorelli C. Mosses and lichens as biomonitors of trace metals. A comparison study on Hypnum cupressiforme and Parmelia caperata in a former mining district in Italy. Environmental Pollution. 2002;116(2):279-287.
Tyler G. Bryophytes and heavy metals: a literature review. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. 1990;104(1-3):231-253.
Richter C, Dainty J. Ion behavior in plant cell walls. I. Characterization of the Sphagnum russowii cell wall ion exchanger. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1989;67(2):451-459.
Carballeira CB, Aboal JR, Fernández JA, Carballeira A. Comparison of the accumulation of elements in two terrestrial moss species. Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(20):4904-4917.
Kelly MG, Girton CÉ, Whitton BA. Use of moss-bags for monitoring heavy metals in rivers. Water Research. 1987;21(11):1429-1435.
Saxena DK. Biomonitoring of Pb, Ni, Cr, Hg with the help of bryophytes in Nainital. Perspective in Indian Bryology, Dehradun. 2001;155-170.
González AG, Pokrovsky OS. Metal adsorption on mosses: toward a universal adsorption model. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2014;415:169-178.
Vazquez MD, Lopez J, Carballeira A. Uptake of heavy metals to the extracellular and intracellular compartments in three species of aquatic bryophyte. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 1999;44(1):12-24.
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