TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ON DOWNY MILDEW OF SOYBEANS
Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 1,
Page 130-135
Abstract
Downy mildew is a common problem in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill] which grown in field conditions but is rarely seen in greenhouses. Soybean downy mildew, caused by fungus-like organism Peronospora manshurica (Class Oomycetes; Phylum Oomycota), is a widely spread disease and can survive in crop residues and on the seed surfaces. P. manshurica has zoospores (flagellate motile spores) and needs water or high humidity for infection. Spores are carried onto plants by wind and rain and infection can spread quickly through a field during periods of cool, wet, or high humid weather. P. manshurica produces saclike sporangia carried on sporangiophores emerge from the stomata of the lower surface of the leaves. On the upper surface of the leaves, they will have pale green to light yellow spots. As the spots enlarge, they become pale yellow and of irregular size and shape and may enlarge to lesions. In moist weather, a pale blue to gray downy growth of the mildew fungus appears on the lower surface of the leaves, directly opposite the lesions on the upper side of the leaves. The disease rarely causes serious damage to soybean, but some reports revealed that the disease reduced seed size and quality if present early in the season and at high levels. The objective of this technical document is to study soybean downy mildew: symptoms and signs, causal agent, epidemiology, disease development, disease cycle, ecology and disease management.
Keywords:
- Disease cycle
- disease management
- downy mildew
- Peronospora manshurica
- soybean
How to Cite
RHOUMA, A., KHRIEBA, M. I., SALIH, Y. A., ATALLAOUI, K., & BEDJAOUI, H. (2021). TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ON DOWNY MILDEW OF SOYBEANS. Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, 6(1), 130–135. Retrieved from https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/7045
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Koretsky AP, Koshevsky II. Yield reduction of soybeans caused infected of seeds by downy mildew. In: Third European Conference on Grain Legumes, Valladolid, Spain. 1998;14-19.
Silva OC, Santos HAA, Pria M, Mio LLM. Damage to soybean caused by downy mildew. Ciênc. Rural, Santa Maria. 2016;46(3):389-392.
Lim SM. Inheritance of resistance to Peronospora manshurica race 2 and race 33 in soybean. Phytopathology. 1989;79:877-879.
Kowata LS, May-De Mio LL, Dalla Pria M, Santos HAA. Diagrammatic scale to access the severity of downy mildew in soybean. Sci. Agrar. 2008;9:105-110.
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Inaba T. Seed transmission of downy mildew of spinach and soybean. Jpn. Agr. Res. Q. 1985;19:26-31.
Dunn MW, Gaynor LG. Impact and control of powdery mildew on irrigated soybean varieties grown in Southeast Australia. Agronomy. 2020;10(4):514. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040514
McKenzie TR, Wyllie TD. The effect of temperature and lesions size on the sporulation of Peronospora manshurica. Phytopathology. 1971;71:321-326.
Agarwal PC. Interception of Peronospora manshurica in soybean germplasm imported during 1976-2005. Curr. Sci. 2006;91:347-350.
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Roongruangsree UT, Olson LW, Lange L. The seed-borne inoculum of Peronospora manshurica, causal agent of soybean downy mildew. J. Phytopathol. 1988;123(3):233-243.
Silva OC, Santos HA, Deschamps C, Dalla Pria M, May De Mio LL. Fontes de fosfito e acibenzolar-S-metílicoassociados a fungicidas para o controle de doenças foliares na cultura da soja. Trop. Plant Pathol. 2013;38(1):72-77.
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Fageria NK, Filho MB, Moreira A, Guimarães CM. Foliar fertilization of crop plants. J. Plant Nutr. 2009;32(6):1044-1064.
Rhouma A, Bedjaoui H, Khrieba MI, Mehaoua MS. Technical document on powdery mildew of cucurbits. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology. 2021b:11(2):1-6. Available:https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6558
Rhouma A, Bousselma A, Mehaoua MS, Khrieba MI, Bedjaoui H. Technical document on early blight of tomato. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology. 2021c;11(3):55-60. Available:https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6827
Rhouma A, Mehaoua MS, Khrieba MI, Atallaoui K, Bedjaoui H. Technical document on leaf curl of peach. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology. 2021a;11(1): 50-55. Available:https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6715
Silva OC, Santos HAA, Dalla Pria M, May-De Mio LL. Potassium phosphate for control of downy mildew of soybean. J. Crop Prot. 2011;30(6):598-604. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.02.015
Zuntini B, Alvarez RDCF, Theodoro GDF, Zuffo AM. Effect of adding fungicide to mixtures of triazoles and strobilurins in the control of downy mildew and Asian soybean rust. Pesq. Agropec. Trop. Goiânia. 2019; 49. Available:https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4953688
Agrios GN. Plant pathology. Fifth Edition. London UK: Elsevier Academic Press. 2005;922.
Sudisha J, Amruthesh KN, Deepak SA, Shetty NP, Saosh BR, Shetty HS. Comparative efficacy of strobilurin fungicides against downy mildew of pearl millet. Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 2005;81(3):188-197.
Brown S, Koike ST, Ochoa OE, Laemmlen F, Michelmore RW. Insensitivity to the fungicide fosetyl-aluminum in California isolates of the lettuce downy mildew pathogen, Bremia lactucae. Plant Dis. 2004;88:502-508. Available:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.5.502
Guan A, Wang M, Yang J, Wang L, Xie Y, Lan J, Liu C. Discovery of a new fungicide candidate through lead optimization of pyrimidinamine derivatives and its activity against cucumber downy mildew. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017;65(49):10829- 10835.
Mueller JD. Soybean disease control. South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops. 2017;265-270.
Hartman GL, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Domier LL, Davis JA, Steffey KL. Compendium of soybean diseases and pests. St. Paul M.N: American Phytopathological Society. 2015;174-201.
Dunleavy JM. Yield reduction in soybean caused by downy mildew. Plant Dis. 1987;71:1112-1114.
Koretsky AP, Koshevsky II. Yield reduction of soybeans caused infected of seeds by downy mildew. In: Third European Conference on Grain Legumes, Valladolid, Spain. 1998;14-19.
Silva OC, Santos HAA, Pria M, Mio LLM. Damage to soybean caused by downy mildew. Ciênc. Rural, Santa Maria. 2016;46(3):389-392.
Lim SM. Inheritance of resistance to Peronospora manshurica race 2 and race 33 in soybean. Phytopathology. 1989;79:877-879.
Kowata LS, May-De Mio LL, Dalla Pria M, Santos HAA. Diagrammatic scale to access the severity of downy mildew in soybean. Sci. Agrar. 2008;9:105-110.
Dong H, Shi S, Zhang C, Zhu S, Li M, Tan J, Yu Y, Lin L, Jia S, Wang X, Wu Y, LiuY. Transcriptomic analysis of genes in soybean in response to Peronospora manshurica infection. BMC Genomics. 2018;19:366. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4741-7
Griffin DH. Fungal physiology. Second Edition. New York: Wiley-Liss. 1994; 472.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the fungi. Ninth Edition. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. 2001;784.
Webster J, Weber RWS. Introduction to fungi. Third Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2007;841.
Dunleavy JM, Chamberlain DW, Ross JP. Soybean diseases. Agricultural research service united states, department of agriculture. Agriculture handbook No. 302. 1966;37.
Pathak VK, Mathur SB, Neeergaard P, Detection of Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. in seeds of soybean, Glycine max. EPPO Bull. 1978;8(1):21-28.
Smith IM, Dunez J, Lelliott RA, Phillips DH, Archer SA. European handbook of plant diseases. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1988;583.
Dunleavy JM. Races of Peronospora manshurica in the United States. Am. J. Bot. 1971;58:209-211.
Dunleavy JM. Nine new races of Peronospora manshurica found on soybeans in the Midwest. Plant Dis. Reporter. 1977;61(8):661-663.
Inaba T. Seed transmission of downy mildew of spinach and soybean. Jpn. Agr. Res. Q. 1985;19:26-31.
Dunn MW, Gaynor LG. Impact and control of powdery mildew on irrigated soybean varieties grown in Southeast Australia. Agronomy. 2020;10(4):514. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040514
McKenzie TR, Wyllie TD. The effect of temperature and lesions size on the sporulation of Peronospora manshurica. Phytopathology. 1971;71:321-326.
Agarwal PC. Interception of Peronospora manshurica in soybean germplasm imported during 1976-2005. Curr. Sci. 2006;91:347-350.
Riggle JH. Histopathology of Peronospora manshurica on soybean cultivars of varying degrees of resistance and on a non-host. Iowa state university capstones, theses and dissertations. 1974;121.
Roongruangsree UT, Olson LW, Lange L. The seed-borne inoculum of Peronospora manshurica, causal agent of soybean downy mildew. J. Phytopathol. 1988;123(3):233-243.
Silva OC, Santos HA, Deschamps C, Dalla Pria M, May De Mio LL. Fontes de fosfito e acibenzolar-S-metílicoassociados a fungicidas para o controle de doenças foliares na cultura da soja. Trop. Plant Pathol. 2013;38(1):72-77.
Gabardo G, Dalla Pria M, Luis Da Silva H, Gabrielle Harms M. Alternative products to control soybean downy mildew in the field. J. Agric. Sci. 2020;12(8). Available:https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p160
Marschner H. Functions of mineral nutritions: Magnesium, calcium, potassium. Relationships between mineral nutrition and plant diseases and pests. Mineral Nutrition of higher plants. Elsevier. 1995;436-460. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012473542-2/50013-4
Chowdhury AK, Srinives P, Saksoong P, Tongpamnak P. RAPD markers linked to resistance to downy mildew disease in soybean. Euphytica. 2002;128(1):55-60. Available:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020635501050
Fageria NK, Filho MB, Moreira A, Guimarães CM. Foliar fertilization of crop plants. J. Plant Nutr. 2009;32(6):1044-1064.
Rhouma A, Bedjaoui H, Khrieba MI, Mehaoua MS. Technical document on powdery mildew of cucurbits. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology. 2021b:11(2):1-6. Available:https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6558
Rhouma A, Bousselma A, Mehaoua MS, Khrieba MI, Bedjaoui H. Technical document on early blight of tomato. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology. 2021c;11(3):55-60. Available:https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6827
Rhouma A, Mehaoua MS, Khrieba MI, Atallaoui K, Bedjaoui H. Technical document on leaf curl of peach. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology. 2021a;11(1): 50-55. Available:https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6715
Silva OC, Santos HAA, Dalla Pria M, May-De Mio LL. Potassium phosphate for control of downy mildew of soybean. J. Crop Prot. 2011;30(6):598-604. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.02.015
Zuntini B, Alvarez RDCF, Theodoro GDF, Zuffo AM. Effect of adding fungicide to mixtures of triazoles and strobilurins in the control of downy mildew and Asian soybean rust. Pesq. Agropec. Trop. Goiânia. 2019; 49. Available:https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4953688
Agrios GN. Plant pathology. Fifth Edition. London UK: Elsevier Academic Press. 2005;922.
Sudisha J, Amruthesh KN, Deepak SA, Shetty NP, Saosh BR, Shetty HS. Comparative efficacy of strobilurin fungicides against downy mildew of pearl millet. Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 2005;81(3):188-197.
Brown S, Koike ST, Ochoa OE, Laemmlen F, Michelmore RW. Insensitivity to the fungicide fosetyl-aluminum in California isolates of the lettuce downy mildew pathogen, Bremia lactucae. Plant Dis. 2004;88:502-508. Available:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.5.502
Guan A, Wang M, Yang J, Wang L, Xie Y, Lan J, Liu C. Discovery of a new fungicide candidate through lead optimization of pyrimidinamine derivatives and its activity against cucumber downy mildew. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017;65(49):10829- 10835.
Mueller JD. Soybean disease control. South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops. 2017;265-270.
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