Green Valorization of Lignin Nano Particles for Biomedicals, Biosensing and Skin Care Applications: A Review
Aniekan E. Akpakpan *
Department of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria.
Iniobong S. Enengedi
Department of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria.
Ukponobong E. Antia
Department of Microbiology, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria.
Itoro E. Udo
Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Nsima A. Akpan
Department of Chemical Sciences, Ritman University, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Itohowo G. Asuquo
Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Lignin, an abundant aromatic biopolymer derived from lignocellulosic biomass, has emerged as a promising sustainable biomaterial for advanced functional applications due to its intrinsic physicochemical and biological properties. In recent years, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained considerable attention due to their high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, multiple functionalities, biocompatibility, antioxidant capacity, and ultraviolet (UV) absorption characteristics. However, conventional approaches for lignin modification often rely on energy-intensive processes and utilization of hazardous chemical reagents, limiting their environmental compatibility and suitability for biomedical applications. Therefore, the development of green and sustainable processes for lignin extraction, nanoparticle synthesis, and surface modification has become increasingly important. This review critically examines Recent developments in environmentally sustainable methods of synthesizing and modifying lignin nanoparticles using green chemistry principles. The applications of green-modified LNPs in biomedical systems, biosensing technologies, and skin care formulations are discussed in detail. In biomedical, LNPs have demonstrated a significant potential as carriers for controlled drug delivery, antimicrobial systems, and tissue engineering, this is due to their low cytotoxicity and controlled release behaviour. In biosensor development, green-modified LNPs contribute to enhanced sensitivity and selectivity by facilitating biomolecule immobilization and improving electron transfer processes. Also, their antioxidant and UV-protective properties make them suitable candidates for incorporation into cosmetic and personal care products. Generally, this review work highlights the role of green synthesis and modification strategies in advancing lignin nanoparticle technology and provides insights into their growing relevance in sustainable biomedical, sensing, and skincare applications.
Keywords: Lignin, green synthesis, modification, biomedical, biosensor, skin care