Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Nutraceuticals, defined broadly as food-derived products that deliver physiological benefits beyond basic nutrition, have moved from a niche wellness category into a central pillar of preventive medicine. Rising rates of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and certain cancers, combined with an ageing global population, have driven sustained interest in dietary bioactives such as polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, curcuminoids, probiotics, prebiotics and vitamin D as adjuncts to conventional pharmacotherapy. This review synthesises contemporary evidence on the mechanisms through which nutraceuticals act, the clinical settings in which they show measurable benefit, and the regulatory, technological and safety considerations that shape their responsible use. Particular attention is given to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, gut microbiome modulation, immune regulation and glycaemic control, alongside emerging delivery technologies such as nanoencapsulation that address the poor bioavailability of many plant-derived compounds. The regulatory patchwork spanning the United States, the European Union, India and other jurisdictions is examined as a major barrier to harmonised quality assurance and consumer protection. The review also considers the trajectory toward personalised and precision nutrition, in which genetic, metabolic and microbiome data are used to tailor nutraceutical recommendations to the individual. Taken together, the evidence indicates that nutraceuticals occupy a genuine, if carefully bounded, role in health promotion and chronic disease prevention, provided that product quality, dosing and regulatory oversight keep pace with scientific advancement.