Delivery of Vitamins through the Intraoral Cavity with Toothpaste Using Penetration Enhancers

Minjune Choi — 2024-04-26

Dental health is rarely deemed a significant factor for a healthy life despite its considerable impact on the human body. Many presume that regular dental check-ups and daily toothbrushing are sufficient to prevent oral health diseases. However, consuming certain nutrients is also required to attain a healthy oral cavity. Nutrients necessary for preserving dental health, namely calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, and various vitamins, contribute to the development, maintenance, and repair of oral tissues. Nevertheless, it can be challenging to be conscious of taking such nutrients on a daily basis. In this study, aiming to abolish such inconveniences, vitamins essential for dental health were combined in a toothpaste formulation with penetration enhancers (PEs) to achieve intraoral delivery of the vitamins while toothbrushing. Multiple tests were performed to evaluate the characteristics of the intraoral vitamin-delivery toothpaste (IOVT), such as abrasiveness and antibacterial strength tests. The same tests were also conducted on three different commercial toothpaste to draw comparisons with the IOVT. Additionally, to verify the IOVT’s penetration capability, a mass transport study, and a transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) value test were conducted using nightcrawlers’ skin. The data collected demonstrated congruency between multiple characteristics of the IOVT and those of the commercial toothpaste. Our key finding was that the greater TEER values demonstrated the high plausibility of effective intraoral delivery of vitamins, assisted by PEs, as components of the IOVT.

An Overview of Red Blood Cell Properties and Functions

Ajit Pal Singh — 2024-04-27

Haematopoiesis, the process of forming blood cells, changes dynamically throughout life. It starts in the yolk sac and moves to the liver around the sixth week, where it produces small erythrocytes. After three months of foetal development, haemoglobin converts into foetal myoglobin, and the spleen becomes a new site for haematopoiesis. Blood-forming cells begin to colonise the medullary chambers of all bones in the fourth month, and this process continues until the child is four years old. Except for the axial skeleton, peripheral bone cavities become hematopoietically dormant when they fill with adipose tissue during adulthood. In some pathological situations, the liver and spleen may re-establish hematopoietic sites. The article discusses RBCs' unique structure, including their biconcave form, lack of a nucleus, and excess haemoglobin, which gives them their distinctive red colour. The article provides a detailed explanation of RBCs' role in oxygen transport, emphasising the importance of haemoglobin in binding and releasing oxygen. The article also discusses the role of RBCs in overall health, such as preventing anaemia and other blood disorders. The article also discusses several medical diseases that can impact red blood cells, such as sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia. Overall, this article gives a thorough summary of RBC structure, function, and importance.

Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Delivery of Vitamins through the Intraoral Cavity with Toothpaste Using Penetration Enhancers

An Overview of Red Blood Cell Properties and Functions