Journal of Biology and Nature

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides remain widely applied in modern agriculture owing to their rapid action and cost-effectiveness, yet their mobility and persistence in aquatic systems pose substantial risks to non-target organisms. In freshwater environments, Labeo rohita acts as a sensitive biological model for assessing OP-induced hepatotoxicity because of its ecological relevance and dominance in Indian aquaculture. Current evidence indicates that OP exposure disrupts hepatic physiology through multiple biochemical and molecular pathways. Sublethal concentrations trigger excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in lipid peroxidation, depletion of antioxidant reserves, and impaired activity of key metabolic enzymes. Histopathological evaluations frequently report hepatocellular swelling, vacuolization, congestion, and necrotic lesions, demonstrating structural vulnerability of liver tissue to OP stress. At the molecular level, OP compounds alter transcriptional regulation of genes involved in detoxification, apoptosis, and inflammatory signalling, thereby intensifying hepatic injury and reducing overall physiological resilience. These hepatic disturbances carry significant implications for aquaculture, where chronic OP exposure can reduce growth, feed conversion efficiency, disease resistance, and survival rates. Moreover, the pronounced sensitivity of L. rohita liver biomarkers enhances its utility in environmental monitoring, providing an early-warning system for OP contamination in freshwater bodies. Understanding these organophosphate-specific responses is essential for developing safer pesticide practices, improving aquaculture management, and guiding regulatory frameworks aimed at protecting aquatic biodiversity.