Exploration of the Anti-inflammatory and Antifungal Potential of Bark Extracts from Annona senegalensis and Pseudocedrela kotschyi, Two Plant Species Traditionally Used in Burkina Faso to Treat Skin Infections
Jotham Yhi-pênê N’do *
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Dramane Paré
Training and Research Unit in Life and Earth Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Nazi BONI University, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
Vincent Ouedraogo
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Paulin Wendsom Savadogo
Training and Research Unit in Life and Earth Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Nazi BONI University, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
Souleymane Sana
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Harouna Sore
Pharmacognosy Laboratory, National Center for Research and Training on Malaria (CNRFP), National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Adama Hilou
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Martin Kiendrebeogo
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Skin disorders are a public health concern and are often associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and microbial infection. In Burkina Faso, Annona senegalensis and Pseudocedrela kotschyi are used traditionally for skin-related conditions. This study evaluated the phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and acute toxicity profiles of bark extracts from these two species. Trunk bark powders were extracted by methanolic maceration, hydromethanolic maceration, and aqueous decoction. Total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium trichloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation, and antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in NMRI mice at 2000 mg/kg body weight. Methanolic extracts yielded the highest total phenolic contents, with 528.56 ± 4.95 mg GAE/100 g for P. kotschyi and 384.57 ± 4.04 mg GAE/100 g for A. senegalensis. The strongest DPPH activity was obtained with methanolic A. senegalensis (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.02 µg/mL) and methanolic P. kotschyi (IC50 = 0.41 ± 0.06 µg/mL). The best anti-inflammatory responses were recorded for aqueous P. kotschyi and hydromethanolic A. senegalensis, with BSA denaturation inhibition of 77 ± 0.63% and 71 ± 0.12%, respectively. Methanolic extracts of P. kotschyi and A. senegalensis inhibited C. albicans, with MICs of 100 and 250 µg/mL, respectively. No mortality or apparent toxicity was observed at 2000 mg/kg. These findings support the traditional use of these species and indicate that their bark extracts contain bioactive constituents that warrant further investigation.
Keywords: Annona senegalensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi, bark extracts, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antifungal activity, Candida albicans, acute toxicity, traditional medicine, Burkina Faso