Dietary Patterns and Clustered Cardiometabolic Abnormalities among Adults in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria
Nkuturum Okwuchi Nancy
Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Sopakirite I. Douglas
Department of Paediatrics, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Anthony Ike Wegbom
Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Nimisoere P. Batubo *
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aims: To identify empirically derived dietary patterns among adults in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, and determine their associations with clustered cardiometabolic abnormalities (CCA).
Study Design: Community-based cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Six selected communities in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Exact data-collection dates should be inserted from the field records before submission.
Methodology: The analysis included 477 adults with complete dietary, anthropometric, blood pressure and biochemical data. NiDST food-frequency responses were converted to servings/day and 24 food groups were analysed using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Lower CCA burden was defined as 0–1 abnormality, whereas higher burden was defined as ≥2 abnormalities among obesity, elevated blood pressure, dysglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and reduced HDL-C. Robust Poisson regression estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs).
Results: Higher CCA burden occurred in 297/477 (62.3%). Three dietary patterns explained 50.8% of dietary variance. Pattern 1 (fried/fast food–fats/oils–dessert/soft drink–alcohol) was associated with higher CCA burden (aPR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26; P = .004). Pattern 2 (grain–legume–white meat) was inversely associated (aPR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71–0.92; P < .001), whereas Pattern 3 (dairy–tea/coffee–fish–nuts–fruit/vegetable) was positively associated (aPR 1.22, 95% CI 1.09–1.36; P < .001). Restricted loading-weighted sensitivity scores reproduced all three associations.
Conclusion: Whole dietary behaviours were differentially associated with cardiometabolic burden. The energy-dense fried/fast-food pattern was adverse, whereas the grain–legume–white-meat pattern was associated with lower burden. The positive Pattern 3 association requires longitudinal confirmation because reverse causation and mixed food composition are plausible.
Keywords: Clustered cardiometabolic abnormalities, dietary patterns, Nigerian Dietary Screening Tool, principal component analysis, cardiometabolic risk, nutrition transition, obesity, hypertension, dysglycaemia