Journal of Global Ecology and Environment

A considerable proportion of Nigeria's population lacks access to reliable electricity, and this continues to constrain economic productivity, industrial activity and social development. This review examines nuclear energy as a potential option for strengthening Nigeria's energy supply and supporting long-term economic development. It discusses Nigeria's current energy situation, including the limitations of conventional energy sources, the persistence of electricity shortages and the need to diversify the national energy mix. The review also considers the potential contributions of nuclear energy, particularly stable baseload electricity, reduced dependence on fossil fuels, lower operational greenhouse gas emissions, technological advancement, employment creation and support for industrial growth. Alongside these prospects, the study identifies major challenges that could affect nuclear energy deployment in Nigeria, including capital requirements, infrastructure limitations, regulatory readiness, public acceptance, waste management, security concerns and the need for specialised human capacity. Lessons from countries with established nuclear energy programmes are used to highlight the importance of long-term planning, strong institutions, public engagement, international cooperation and effective safety regulation. The review further outlines strategic approaches for Nigeria, including phased development, consideration of small modular reactors, grid modernisation, bankable financing models, capacity building and sustained policy commitment. The study concludes that nuclear energy could contribute to Nigeria's energy security and development goals if implemented through a cautious, transparent and well-regulated framework.