Phthalate Esters in Water and Surface Sediments of Anambra River in Dry Season: Distribution and Human Health Risks Assessment

Okeke Abuchi Princewill *

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Ogbuagu Josephat Okechukwu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Arinze Rosemary Uche

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Ogbuagu Adaora Stellamaris

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.


Abstract

This study investigated phthalate ester (PAE) contamination in water and sediment samples due to their persistence and potential health risks as endocrine disruptors. Sediment analysis revealed pH ranged from 5.35 to 6.72, with total organic carbon (TOC) levels varying between 0.74% and 2.56%. Water pH values were within WHO guidelines (5.5–8.5), and turbidity levels ranged from 0.60 to 1.40 NTU. Phthalate concentrations in sediment revealed Monobutyl phthalate (MBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dipentyl phthalate (DPP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Sample SA exhibited the highest levels of MBP (0.40 mg/kg) and DEP (0.93 mg/kg). In water samples, MBP peaked at 0.01 mg/kg, while DEP reached 0.03 mg/kg, with DBP (0.07 mg/kg) and DEHP (0.08 mg/kg) also detected. Phthalate contamination in water remained below harmful thresholds. A health risk assessment calculated Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Quotients (HQ) for both children and adults. CDI results indicated higher risks for children, with DBP (2.20E-06 mg/kg/day) and DEHP (2.46E-06 mg/kg/day) showing the greatest concern. The HQ for children was highest for DBP (0.22), though still below the risk threshold. Adults exhibited lower CDI and HQ values, with minimal non-carcinogenic risk. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of phthalate pollution, especially given children’s heightened vulnerability.

Keywords: Phthalate esters, anambra river, distribution, health risk assessment


How to Cite

Princewill, O. A., Okechukwu, O. J., Uche, A. R., & Stellamaris, O. A. (2024). Phthalate Esters in Water and Surface Sediments of Anambra River in Dry Season: Distribution and Human Health Risks Assessment. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 20(4), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.56557/jogee/2024/v20i48886

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