Biochemical and Nephrotoxic Effects of Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser on Wistar Rat Kidneys: A Preliminary Study
Onyejike, Ifeoma Miracle
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra state, Nigeria and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra state, Nigeria.
Onyejike, Darlington Nnamdi *
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra state, Nigeria and Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Nweke, Elizabeth Obioma.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra state, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The rising popularity of herbal remedies, perceived as safer alternatives to synthetic drugs, has led to increased consumption of various herbal mixtures, including Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser in Nigeria. This study investigates the biochemical and nephrotoxic effects of these herbal products when co-administered to adult male Wistar rats. A total of 40 rats were acclimatized and divided into ten groups, receiving varying doses of Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser for 42 days. Biochemical analyses were performed to measure kidney function markers—blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid. Results indicated significant alterations in these parameters; elevated creatinine and urea levels in certain experimental groups which suggested potential nephrotoxic effects. Specifically, groups receiving higher doses of Goko Cleanser showed a marked increase in creatinine and urea levels compared to the control group (P = .001). Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which may influence renal function and oxidative stress. Despite saponins being known for their nephroprotective properties, the overall findings underscore the dual nature of these herbal mixtures, where beneficial effects may coexist with risks of renal impairment. This research highlights the necessity for cautious consumption of herbal products and suggests further investigations into the long-term renal safety of these widely used herbal remedies.
Keywords: Bitters, creatinine, herbal drinks, kidney function test, urea, uric acid