Molecular Breeding in Vegetables: Transition from Marker Assisted Selection to Genomic Strategies
Barbole Shravan Anil
Department of Genetics and plant breeding, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India.
Harmeet Singh Janeja
Department of Genetics and plant breeding, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India.
Nidhi Dubey
Department of Genetics and plant breeding, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India.
Mayur Darvhankar *
Department of Genetics and plant breeding, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India.
Aditya Patil and Kushi
Department of Genetics and plant breeding, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics have significantly revolutionized plant breeding by facilitating the precise detection and characterization of genetic variation at the DNA level. Molecular markers, which are identifiable DNA sequences associated with specific genomic regions, serve as reliable tools for the identification and tracking of desirable agronomic traits. Unlike phenotypic selection, molecular marker–based approaches are largely independent of environmental influences and developmental stages, thereby enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of selection. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) integrates molecular marker technology with conventional breeding methodologies to enable indirect selection of target traits through marker–trait associations. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the application of MAS in vegetable crop improvement, highlighting its transition from conventional to genomic breeding approaches. Vegetable crops are vital for global nutrition and agricultural sustainability; however, their productivity is significantly constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses. Conventional breeding methods, although effective, are often time consuming and limited by environmental influences and complex trait inheritance. MAS offers a precise and efficient alternative by enabling selection at the DNA level through marker–trait associations. The review discusses the conceptual framework, types of molecular markers, and genetic principles underlying MAS, including linkage, recombination, and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Key strategies such as marker assisted backcrossing, gene pyramiding, and marker assisted recurrent selection are examined in detail. The integration of MAS with genomic selection and advanced tools such as high throughput genotyping and genome editing is also emphasized. Applications of MAS in improving disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality traits, and sex expression in crops like tomato, chilli, and cucumber are critically analyzed. Despite challenges such as high costs and limited marker availability for complex traits, MAS continues to enhance breeding efficiency. Future prospects indicate its growing role in developing climate resilient and high quality vegetable cultivars.
Keywords: Marker-assisted selection, molecular breeding, genomic selection, QTL mapping, cucumber, gynoecy, parthenocarpy, disease resistance