PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Variability in Qualitative Morphological Traits and Protein Content among Cowpea Genotypes

Monika Mishra — 2026-11-09

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important leguminous crop valued for its nutritional quality and adaptability to diverse growing conditions. Variability in protein content and qualitative morphological traits provides opportunities for identifying desirable genotypes for crop improvement. Therefore, characterisation of cowpea germplasm is essential for assessing phenotypic diversity and identifying promising genotypes with desirable nutritional and morphological characteristics for future breeding programmes. The present study was conducted to characterise 16 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes, including two commercial checks, for protein content and qualitative morphological traits at the Horticultural Complex, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Protein content and six qualitative traits, namely flower colour, pod colour, pod shape, pod stringiness, pod fleshiness and seed colour were evaluated. Protein content varied considerably among the genotypes, ranging from 19.00% in VNR CP-27 to 27.75% in 2011/COPBVAR-1, Japani Laldana and Kashi Kanchan. Light purple flowers were the most frequent, occurring in seven genotypes (43.75%), followed by purple flowers in six genotypes (37.50%). Light green pods predominated in eight genotypes (50.00%), while straight and slightly curved pods were each observed in seven genotypes (43.75%). Fibre presence was recorded in 10 genotypes (62.50%) and fleshy pods occurred in 10 genotypes (62.50%). Seed colour also exhibited variation, with dark maroon being a commonly observed category. The observed diversity in protein content and qualitative morphological traits highlights the potential of the evaluated germplasm for selection and further evaluation for nutritional quality and desirable pod characteristics. The findings provide useful baseline information for cowpea germplasm characterisation and future breeding programmes targeting nutritional and market-preferred traits.

Leaf Morphological Diversity and Phenotypic Characterization of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Genotypes in the Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh, India

P. Veera Shankar — 2026-11-09

The study characterised leaf morphological diversity among 26 jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) genotypes maintained at the College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Andhra Pradesh, India. Quantitative and qualitative leaf traits were evaluated under a randomised block design with three replications. Leaf blade length ranged from 8.92 to 19.98 cm, with the maximum in JAP-1, while leaf blade width ranged from 5.54 to 10.78 cm, with the maximum in Yellow round. Petiole length varied from 1.37 to 3.07 cm, with Eddi pasand recording the highest value. SPAD readings ranged from 47.62 to 99.11, with the highest value in ARPJ-7. Elliptic leaf blades, acuminate apices and entire margins were the predominant qualitative characteristics. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a positive association between leaf blade length and width (r = 0.60). The first two principal components explained 71.3% of the total variation, while hierarchical cluster analysis revealed similarities among genotypes based on the measured traits. These findings provide baseline information for characterising leaf diversity and identifying contrasting genotypes for further evaluation and jackfruit germplasm conservation in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Computational Design and Screening of Optimal CRISPR/Cas9 gRNAs Targeting Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in Crops

Prachi Digpaul — 2026-11-06

Flavonols are an important class of flavonoids that play a role in plant growth, development, and environmental stress mitigation and have well-documented health-promoting activities. Targeted manipulation of flavonoid biosynthesis has emerged as a promising approach for improving crop nutritional quality through precision genome editing. Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) catalyses the final step in anthocyanin biosynthesis and represents an important point for redirecting metabolic flux within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, an in silico approach was used to identify and assess high-confidence CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the ANS in selected cereal crops (Oryza sativa and Zea mays). The ANS sequences of Oryza sativa and Zea mays were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database and subjected to guide RNA prediction using the CHOPCHOP platform. Candidate gRNAs were subsequently evaluated using CRISPOR based on their Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) specificity score, Cutting Frequency Determination (CFD) score, and predicted off-target profiles. Twelve candidate gRNAs were identified for each of rice and maize. Based on the CRISPOR-based specificity assessment, OsANS-5 and OsANS-8 were identified as the most suitable guide RNAs for O. sativa, each with MIT specificity and CFD scores of 100 and three predicted off-target sites. In Z. mays, ZmANS-9 was identified as the most suitable candidate, with an MIT specificity score of 99, a CFD score of 100, and six predicted off-target sites. Comparative analysis indicated that combining CHOPCHOP for guide RNA design with CRISPOR for specificity assessment helped distinguish guide RNAs with high predicted specificity from candidates with greater predicted off-target potential. These results underscore the value of comprehensive computational screening before experimental genome editing in crops. The guide RNAs identified in this study provide candidates for future CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of the ANS to explore its role in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. This workflow also provides a computational framework for functional genomics and future metabolic engineering studies focused on understanding flavonoid pathway regulation and evaluating the potential effects of ANS knockout on flavonol accumulation in crop plants.

Genetic Variability, Character Association, Path Analysis and Genetic Divergence Studies in Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]

Rabin Yadav — 2026-11-04

Aims: To quantify genetic variability, trait associations and genetic divergence for yield, seed-quality and nutritional traits in finger millet, and to identify selection criteria and parental genotypes for developing high-yielding, nutrient-rich cultivars.

Study Design: An alpha lattice design with two replications was used.

Place and Duration of Study: Genetics and Plant Breeding Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India, during Kharif 2025.

Methodology: Fifty diverse finger millet genotypes were evaluated for seven agro-morphological traits, two seed-quality traits (germination percentage and seed vigour index-I) and three nutritional traits (protein, calcium and iron content). The data were analysed for variance, genetic variability parameters, correlation and path coefficients, and Mahalanobis D² genetic divergence.

Results: Iron content (genotypic coefficient of variation 33.05%, heritability 95%, genetic advance as percent of mean 66.51%), calcium content (20.88%, 100%, 43.01%), grain yield per plant (21.40%, 88%, 41.45%), protein content and ear head length exhibited high variability alongside high heritability and genetic advance, indicating good scope for direct selection. Grain yield per plant correlated positively with germination percentage (0.49), seed vigour index-I (0.40) and days to maturity (0.39). Germination percentage (0.877) and days to maturity (0.775) had the largest direct effects, followed by plant height and ear head length. Fourteen clusters were formed; calcium content (35.0%), grain yield per plant (25.0%) and thousand-grain weight (15.0%) contributed 75% of the divergence, with Clusters VIII and XI being the most distant. IC473320, IC475858, IC473207, IC474354 and IC475565 were promising for grain yield; IC475559, IC473332 and IC475858 were the top donors for calcium, iron and protein content, respectively.

Conclusion: Germination percentage, days to maturity, plant height, ear head length, protein content and seed vigour index-I are reliable selection criteria, and crosses between the divergent clusters should be rewarding for combining high grain yield with improved nutritional quality in finger millet.

Multivariate Dissection of Phenotypic Variation and Genetic Divergence in Advanced Groundnut Lines under Rainy Season

Wahid Husen M. Peerzade — 2026-11-03

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed and legume crop for global food security, yet its genetic advancement remains constrained by a narrow genetic base. Improving pod yield and kernel quality by systematically exploiting available genetic variability is a primary objective in groundnut breeding. In this study, we evaluated 35 groundnut accessions, comprising 30 advanced breeding lines (ICGV series) and five commercial checks during the rainy season of 2024 using an Augmented Randomised Block Design (Augmented RBD) at the Seed Research and Technology Centre (SRTC), PJTAU. A total of 11 quantitative morphological and agronomic traits were recorded and subjected to multivariate analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Euclidean distance and Ward’s minimum variance method (Ward.D2) partitioned the genotypes into four distinct clusters. Cluster II was the largest (n = 22), comprised lines with a low average yield (2,589.30 kg ha^-1) and seed weight, whereas Cluster III (n = 2) exhibited the maximum plant height (56.29 cm) and 100-seed weight (58.80 g), but fewer pods per plant (8.60), suggesting a trade-off between seed size and pod proliferation. Cluster IV (n = 3, including K6, JCG 2141, and G5) demonstrated superior agronomic performance, combining early maturity (110 days) with the highest pod yield (5,215.28 kg ha^-1). The maximum inter-cluster distance occurred between Clusters II and III (6.32), followed by Clusters III and IV (6.10), highlighting substantial genetic divergence. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified four principal components (λ > 1.0) accounting for 76.81% of the total phenotypic variation, with PC1 (33.74%) dominated by 100-seed weight, pod wall thickness, kernel diameter, and pod yield. Crossing genotypes from Cluster IV with those from Cluster III offers the potential to combine large kernel traits with early maturity and high pod yield, facilitating transgressive segregation in future groundnut improvement programmes. Furthermore, targeted hybridisation between the high-yielding, early-maturing lines of Cluster IV and the bold-seeded lines of Cluster III may help to overcome the physiological trade-off between kernel mass and pod density, establishing a strategic foundation for future high-yielding groundnut cultivars.

Plant Chemical Defences against Insect Pests: Roles of Secondary Metabolites and Epicuticular Lipids-A Review

Rajkumari — 2026-11-03

Plants resist insect herbivores through interconnected structural, chemical and inducible defence mechanisms that influence insect behaviour, development and survival. This review examines the contributions of plant specialised metabolites, particularly terpenoids and tannins, and epicuticular lipids to host-plant resistance and plant–insect interactions. Terpenoids can function as feeding deterrents, toxic compounds and volatile signals that influence herbivore behaviour and the recruitment of predators and parasitoids. Tannins may reduce food palatability, interfere with digestion and affect nutrient utilisation, although their effectiveness varies with chemical structure, concentration and insect physiology. Epicuticular lipids influence insect landing, attachment, locomotion, feeding and oviposition through their chemical composition and surface microstructure. However, individual compounds may function as either deterrents or stimulants, depending on the interacting plant and insect species. The review further considers insect counter-adaptations, plant defence signalling, environmental variation and interactions with beneficial organisms. Recent developments in metabolomics, lipid profiling and functional genomics provide opportunities to identify resistance-associated traits and investigate their underlying mechanisms. Nevertheless, the combined effects of specialised metabolites and epicuticular waxes remain insufficiently established through causal experiments and field validation. Future investigations should integrate chemical characterisation, insect behavioural assays, functional validation and multi-environment assessments. Incorporating experimentally validated defensive traits into crop improvement and integrated pest management may contribute to sustainable insect pest suppression while limiting reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides.

RNA Interference-based Pest Management: Advances in Target Gene Discovery, Delivery Technologies, and Commercial Translation toward Sustainable Agriculture

Ghodake Aditya Popat — 2026-11-03

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly sequence-specific regulatory process that suppresses gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It serves essential biological functions in eukaryotes, including antiviral defence, control of transposable elements, and regulation of endogenous gene activity. Owing to its high specificity and targeted mode of action, RNAi has gained recognition as a precise and environmentally sustainable tool for next-generation pest management strategies. By targeting essential genes involved in development, metabolism, reproduction, and cellular homeostasis, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated silencing induces high mortality, growth inhibition, and reduced fecundity across diverse insect orders. Functional genomic studies have identified numerous high-efficacy targets across insect orders, particularly genes involved in proteasomal degradation, transcriptional regulation, chitin biosynthesis, hormonal signalling (ecdysone pathway), vacuolar ATPase activity, and apoptosis. Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS), Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) and plastid-mediated RNAi (PM-RNAi) are among the delivery mechanisms for dsRNA. While HIGS and PM-RNAi provide sustained in planta dsRNA expression, SIGS offers a flexible, non-transgenic alternative for rapid field application. Advances in genome-wide target identification, optimised delivery systems, and nanocarrier-mediated stabilisation have significantly improved dsRNA stability against UV exposure and nuclease degradation, as well as RNAi efficacy through transcuticular and gut epithelial uptake. These developments position RNAi as a highly specific, environmentally benign, and scalable biopesticide strategy with strong potential to complement or replace conventional chemical insecticides in integrated pest management programmes.

Agro-morphological Characterisation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm Accessions Using DUS Descriptors

Priya Gupta — 2026-11-02

The present investigation was undertaken to characterise 200 rice germplasm accessions, along with seven checks, for visually assessed DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) traits. The 207 entries were evaluated during Kharif 2020 in an augmented design with four blocks at the Research cum Instructional Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), at a spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm with the recommended package of practices under normal irrigated conditions (no drought stress was imposed). Observations were recorded on twenty-four DUS descriptors. Of these, one descriptor (shape of ligule) was monomorphic, nine were dimorphic and fourteen were polymorphic. Based on the Shannon–Weaver diversity index, hull colour, flag leaf attitude, panicle exsertion, grain breadth and basal leaf sheath colour were the most variable descriptors. Unique accessions such as IC390636 (aromatic) and IC516693 (red lemma) were identified, which may be useful as donors and in candidate variety development. The study provides a morphological baseline for future drought-stress evaluation; drought tolerance itself was not assessed

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield-Attributing Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Phosphorus Deficiency

P. Akshay Goud — 2026-11-02

Phosphorus-deficient soils can limit rice performance, making the identification of selectable variation under low-phosphorus conditions important for breeding. The 38 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) × LR-299 and their two parents were evaluated as single, unreplicated plots in a four-block augmented design (Federer, 1956) at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, during Kharif 2024, under low-phosphorus field conditions, with four check varieties (Rasi, Swarna, ISM, DRR Dhan 60) repeated in every block to supply an independent error term. Block effects were estimated from the replicated checks and used to adjust test-entry values; analysis of variance was then carried out on the 40 block-adjusted entry means and tested against the check-derived error term. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV, PCV), broad-sense heritability (h²bs) and genetic advance as per cent of mean (GAM) were computed for days to 50% flowering (DFF), plant height (PH), number of tillers (NT), number of productive tillers (NPT), number of grains per panicle (NGP), spikelet fertility (SF) and grain yield per plant (GY). Entries differed significantly for DFF, PH, NGP and GY; NT and NPT did not differ significantly. PH, NGP and GY combined high heritability (91.65%, 91.97%, 65.72%) with high GAM (32.07%, 43.08%, 36.14%), identifying them as reliable, directly selectable criteria. Entries IX299-160-2, IX299-87-1, IX299-150 and IX299-177 recorded the highest block-adjusted grain yield among the 40 entries evaluated and are proposed as candidate donors for phosphorus-use-efficiency breeding. Plant height, grains per panicle and grain yield are governed predominantly by additive gene action in this population and are recommended as primary selection criteria for phosphorus use efficiency breeding, with the four identified entries advanced for further, replicated evaluation.

Development of an Efficient in vitro Propagation Protocol and ISSR Based Clonal Fidelity Assessment in Bambusa vulgaris

Pragati Baghel — 2026-10-30

Bambusa vulgaris is an economically important bamboo species valued for its rapid growth and diverse industrial, environmental, biotechnological and ornamental applications. However, for this multipurpose bamboo species, large-scale propagation through conventional methods is constrained by irregular flowering, poor seed availability and low propagation efficiency. Although several studies have reported in vitro propagation protocols, there remains a lack of standardised and reproducible media compositions that consistently achieve high establishment, shoot multiplication, rooting and successful acclimatization. Furthermore, limited information is available regarding the genetic fidelity of tissue culture-derived plants, highlighting the need for molecular validation to ensure clonal uniformity. The present study aims to standardise the culture media for in vitro establishment, optimise media composition for efficient shoot multiplication, rooting, to develop a reliable hardening protocol for regenerated plantlets and to assess the genetic uniformity of regenerated plants using ISSR molecular markers. Nodal explants of Bambusa vulgaris were surface sterilized and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators for shoot induction, multiplication, rooting and hardening. The highest explant survivability (84%) was achieved using 70% ethanol, Tween-20, 1% Bavistin, 0.1% HgCl₂ and antibiotics. Maximum shoot initiation (88%) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.5 mg/L^-1), while the highest shoot multiplication was recorded on solid MS medium containing BAP (2.0 mg/L^-1) and kinetin (0.5 mg/L^-1). Root induction was optimized on MS medium supplemented with NAA (3.0 mg/L^-1) and IBA (0.5 mg/L^-1), resulting in 80% rooting. The highest acclimatization success (80%) was achieved under H2 hardening conditions. Genetic fidelity analysis using ISSR markers showed that 8 of the 16 primers screened produced clear and reproducible monomorphic banding patterns identical to the mother plant, confirming the genetic uniformity of the regenerants. The standardized protocol provides a reliable system for germplasm conservation and the production of quality plant material of Bambusa vulgaris.

CRISPR/Cas9 Applications for Developing Disease-resistant Crop Varieties

Prafull Kumar — 2026-10-30

Crop diseases caused by fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses and nematodes threaten agricultural productivity and sustainable crop production. Conventional resistance breeding has made important contributions but remains constrained by complex inheritance, limited resistance donors, linkage drag and lengthy breeding cycles. This review examines CRISPR/Cas9 applications for developing disease-resistant crop varieties, focusing on molecular targets, editing strategies, representative crop–pathogen interactions and practical limitations. Principal approaches include disruption of host susceptibility genes, modification of pathogen-responsive promoter elements, editing of host factors exploited by pathogens, manipulation of immune-regulatory pathways and multiplex modification of resistance-associated loci. Examples from rice, wheat, potato, tomato, barley and other crops illustrate the application of these strategies against bacterial, fungal, oomycete and viral diseases. The review also considers precise allele engineering, resistance stacking, CRISPR-mediated transcriptional regulation and emerging Cas12, Cas13, base-editing and prime-editing platforms. Although genome editing offers targeted modification of existing crop genomes, practical application remains constrained by delivery and regeneration difficulties, genotype dependence, unintended genomic alterations, potential fitness penalties and pathogen adaptation. Resistance observed under controlled conditions cannot necessarily be assumed to persist across diverse field environments. Accordingly, CRISPR/Cas technologies are best regarded as complements to conventional breeding. Combining validated molecular targets with careful genomic assessment, pathogen phenotyping and multi-environment evaluation may support the development of more durable and agronomically acceptable disease resistance.

Evaluation of Biochemical Attributes of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Genotypes in Mohla Manpur Ambagarh Chowki District, Chhattisgarh, India

Nupur Mandloi — 2026-10-28

Background: Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) exhibits variation in fruit biochemical characteristics that may be relevant to the selection of local genetic material.

Aims: To evaluate the biochemical characteristics and fruit quality of custard apple genotypes in Mohla Manpur Ambagarh Chowki district of Chhattisgarh and identify superior genotypes with desirable biochemical attributes and nutritional quality.

Objectives of the Study: 1. To characterise indigenous custard apple genotypes based on their biochemical composition. 2. To evaluate and compare the biochemical quality of custard apple genotypes collected from Mohla Manpur Ambagarh Chowki district of Chhattisgarh. 3. To identify superior genotypes with desirable biochemical characteristics for future selection and improvement programmes.

Study Design: The study was conducted using 31 custard apple genotypes, comprising 30 indigenous seedling genotypes and one check variety (Balanagar), with four replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in Mohla Manpur Ambagarh Chowki district of Chhattisgarh over two consecutive years, 2024–25 and 2025–26.

Methodology: Biochemical characterisation was carried out by evaluating quality parameters, including Total Soluble Solids (TSS), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, TSS: acid ratio, sugar:acid ratio and pH. The analysis of fruit samples was conducted in the Horticulture Processing Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, College of Agriculture, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Three blocks were selected, with five villages from each block.

Results: The pooled analysis revealed considerable variation in biochemical traits among custard apple genotypes. Balanagar recorded the highest TSS (23.83 °Brix), total sugars (23.12%), TSS:acid ratio (116.28), sugar:acid ratio (112.84) and pH (5.13), whereas ACA-10 exhibited the highest titratable acidity (0.33%). ACA-7, ACA-6 and ACA-15 recorded the highest ascorbic acid (15.23 mg/100 g), reducing sugar (15.24%) and non-reducing sugar (11.15%), respectively. The minimum TSS and total sugars were observed in ACA-10, while ACA-22 recorded the minimum ascorbic acid and reducing sugar. ACA-6 exhibited the minimum non-reducing sugar (3.94%), ACA-25 had the minimum pH (4.01), and ACA-10 recorded the minimum TSS:acid ratio (54.49) and sugar:acid ratio (53.26).

Conclusion: The study identified promising custard apple genotypes with superior biochemical composition and fruit quality, providing valuable information for selection and crop improvement programmes.

Interactive Epistatic QTLs Mapping for Morpho-Physiological Traits Influencing the Salinity Tolerance at Seedling Stage in Rice

K. Vijaya Durga — 2026-10-26

Salinity limits rice establishment and productivity, particularly during early growth. This study investigated pairwise epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seven morpho-physiological responses to salt stress at the seedling stage in rice. A mapping population comprising 234 F₂ individuals derived from MTU 1061 (salt-tolerant) × MTU 1121 (salt-susceptible) was genotyped using 104 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Their F₂:₃ progenies and the parental cultivars were evaluated in a hydroponic screening system with salinity increased from an electrical conductivity of 6 to 12 dS m⁻¹. Salt injury score, shoot sodium and potassium concentrations, shoot Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, shoot length, root length and shoot dry weight were recorded. A linkage map covering 12 rice chromosomes spanned 2,956.12 cM. Interval mapping for epistatic interactions (IM-EPI) identified 257 QTL pairs across these seven traits: 32 for salt injury score, 21 for shoot Na⁺ concentration, 15 for shoot K⁺ concentration, 52 for the shoot Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, 60 for shoot length, 72 for root length and 5 for shoot dry weight. The distribution of interactions across traits suggests that pairwise genetic effects contribute to variation in seedling responses to salinity. The mapped regions provide a basis for further examination of the genetic architecture of seedling-stage salt tolerance, although their utility for marker-assisted selection requires validation.

Unveiling the in silico Secretome of Fusarium acutatum: Implications for Onion (Allium cepa) Basal Rot

Auji Radhakrishna — 2026-10-26

Fungal secreted proteins can contribute to host colonisation and infection, but the predicted secretome of Fusarium acutatum, a pathogen associated with onion basal rot, remains insufficiently characterised. This study applied a bioinformatics workflow to identify putative secreted proteins in F. acutatum and compare candidate effector repertoires across six Fusarium species, including F. acutatum. Protein sequences were screened for signal peptides, transmembrane regions, endoplasmic reticulum retention signals, predicted subcellular localisation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Functional annotation, carbohydrate-active enzyme classification, effector prediction, orthologue clustering and conserved motif analyses were then performed. Of 14,081 predicted F. acutatum proteins, 998 were retained in the refined secretome, representing approximately 7.09% of the proteome. Among these, 262 proteins were annotated as carbohydrate-active enzymes, comprising 148 glycoside hydrolases, 48 auxiliary activity proteins, 35 carbohydrate esterases, 23 polysaccharide lyases, six carbohydrate-binding modules and two glycosyltransferases. EffectorP identified 359 candidate effectors, of which 34 exceeded 400 amino acids. Comparative analysis identified 92 effector clusters shared by all six species and nine shared clusters in a separate five-species comparison. MEME analysis identified ten conserved motifs among selected shared effector proteins. These computational findings describe the predicted composition and conservation of the F. acutatum secretome, while experimental investigation remains necessary to establish secretion, expression during infection and any contribution of individual candidates to onion basal rot.

Optimization of Callus Induction and Biochemical Characterization of in Vitro Cultures of Coriandrum sativum L.

Harsh Vyas — 2026-10-24

Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) is a high-value seed spice renowned for its distinctive aroma, culinary versatility, medicinal importance, and rich reservoir of bioactive metabolites. The present investigation was undertaken to develop an efficient in vitro system for indirect organogenesis through hypocotyl-derived callus and to explore the biochemical potential of callus tissues under diverse plant growth regulator (PGR) regimes. Forty-five combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin were evaluated using a completely randomised design with four replications. Hypocotyl explants of coriander cultivar ACr-3 were cultured on Gamborg’s B5 medium under aseptic conditions, and variations in biomass accumulation and biochemical constituents were assessed. Substantial treatment-dependent differences were observed, highlighting the influence of PGR balance on callus growth and metabolite accumulation. Among the tested treatments, T35 (2,4-D 1.5 mg L⁻¹ + BAP 1.0 mg L⁻¹ + kinetin 0.5 mg L⁻¹) produced the highest fresh biomass (2.790 g) and dry biomass (1.953 g). Treatment T41 recorded the maximum total phenolic content, T33 exhibited the highest flavonoid accumulation, and T44 showed superior antioxidant activity. The maximum chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were recorded under T15. Although the tested regeneration media did not induce complete shoot regeneration, the development of embryogenic callus revealed promising morphogenic competence. Overall, the study demonstrates that appropriate PGR combinations can substantially enhance callus biomass and biochemical potential in coriander. The optimised protocol provides a valuable platform for in vitro metabolite production, germplasm conservation, micropropagation, and future genetic improvement of this economically important spice crop.

Next-generation Methods for Elevating Brinjal Hybrid Seed Yield by Enhancing Pollen Viability

I. R. Delvadiya — 2026-10-23

Pollen viability is a critical factor influencing successful fertilisation, fruit set, and hybrid seed production in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Storage conditions and duration can affect the functional quality of pollen and thereby influence reproductive success. Therefore, identifying suitable pollen storage conditions is important for maintaining pollen viability and improving fruit set during hybrid seed production. This study investigates the pollen viability of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) over a 12-hour interval under two distinct storage conditions. Pollen viability is a crucial determinant of successful fertilisation and fruit set in brinjal, making it imperative to understand how different storage conditions can affect this essential aspect of reproductive biology. In this experiment, brinjal flowers were selected, and their pollen was collected and stored in two separate environments: ambient room temperature and refrigerated storage. Pollen samples were collected at regular intervals, and their viability was assessed using a staining technique to distinguish between viable and non-viable pollen grains. The results were validated by transferring anthers aged between 12 and 72 hours and stored under two different conditions to the female flowers using a brush. After a two-week period, viability and fruit-setting rates were compared. Our results reveal significant differences in pollen viability between the two storage conditions over the 12-hour interval. The study highlights the importance of appropriate pollen storage conditions in brinjal cultivation and provides valuable insights into optimising pollen viability for improved crop yield. To maximise fruit set and crop yield, it is advisable to use pollen that has been stored in a refrigerator for a shorter duration. This ensures the availability of highly viable pollen at the time of pollination, promoting successful fertilisation and fruit development. The highest fruit set percentage occurred when pollen was kept in a refrigerator (64.77%) and when female flowers were pollinated using pollen stored for less than 12 hours (83.84%).

Exploiting Potential Solanum Rootstocks for the Management of Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato through Grafting

Nikita Das — 2026-10-22

Meloidogyne incognita constrains tomato production and can increase reliance on chemical nematicides. This study evaluated graft compatibility and the performance of susceptible tomato cultivars grafted onto selected resistant Solanum rootstocks under nematode-infested field conditions in Assam. The susceptible cultivars Arka Samrat and Dona-55 were grafted onto S. torvum or S. lycopersicum cv. Hisar Lalit using the cleft-grafting technique. A randomised block design with six treatments and four replications was used in 2023. Graft success, plant height, days to flowering and fruiting, fruit yield and nematode-related parameters were assessed. The highest graft success was recorded for Arka Samrat grafted onto S. torvum (67.90%), followed by Dona-55 grafted onto S. torvum (66.66%). Arka Samrat grafted onto S. torvum also produced the greatest number of fruits per plant (20.50), the highest average fruit weight (118.38 g) and the highest total fruit yield (628.00 q/ha). This combination had the fewest galls (7.00) and egg masses (2.75) per root system, the lowest final soil nematode population (120.00 per 200 cc) and the lowest reproduction rate (0.49). Grafted plants generally flowered and fruited later than non-grafted plants but showed improved yield and reduced nematode multiplication. Under the conditions studied, S. torvum was the more promising rootstock for the evaluated tomato cultivars.

RNA Interference for Precision Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Mechanisms, Delivery Constraints and Translational Evidence

Vadaga Dhanasri — 2026-10-17

Plant-parasitic nematodes are persistent constraints on crop productivity because their behaviour, protected habitats and intimate relationships with host roots complicate both diagnosis and control. RNA interference offers sequence-guided suppression of nematode gene expression without requiring a conventional toxicant to act on a broad physiological target. Yet molecular specificity should not be conflated with biological control, and promising experiments have produced uneven results across species, life stages, delivery systems and scales. This critical narrative review examines research on double-stranded RNA exposure, target validation, host-induced gene silencing, artificial microRNAs, non-transgenic formulations, nanocarriers and translation to field use. Peer-reviewed experimental and methodological studies published through 14 August 2026 were considered, with seminal earlier work included to establish the mechanism. The strongest evidence concerns gene knockdown and reduced infection or reproduction in controlled plant systems, particularly root-knot and cyst nematodes. More recent soil-directed formulations for potato cyst nematodes and trunk-injected complexes for pine wood nematodes indicate that deployment beyond transgenic plants is technically possible, but do not establish general efficacy across agricultural soils. Critical barriers include uptake across nematode feeding structures, RNA degradation, stage-dependent susceptibility, inconsistent phenotypic reporting, poorly quantified exposure, limited off-target testing and the scarcity of replicated yield and durability data. A central distinction emerging from the synthesis is between sequence selectivity, delivery selectivity, life-stage accessibility and agronomic performance. These requirements are related but are not interchangeable. Future progress depends on experimentally linking confirmed target engagement with biologically meaningful crop protection, testing formulations under realistic soils and plant growth conditions, assessing non-target organisms and specifying manufacturing and resistance-management pathways. RNA interference is a credible complement to integrated nematode management, but its precision and readiness must be demonstrated for each pest–crop–delivery combination.

Combined Effect of Hydro-priming and Seed Storage Duration on Germination, Growth, and Tolerance to Water Deficit in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Sanogo Souleymane — 2026-10-13

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the world’s leading cereal crop. In Côte d’Ivoire, maize is a strategic crop for food security and rural economies. Despite its importance, this crop is highly sensitive to early water stress. In the face of climate change, which poses a major constraint on cereal production, improving plant tolerance to water deficit through environmentally sustainable techniques such as seed hydro-priming is a key challenge. Against this background, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydro-priming maize seeds in improving germination performance and seedling growth under different levels of water availability. Maize seeds underwent hydro-priming pre-treatment followed by different storage periods (0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks) and were then assessed under four water regimes corresponding to 100 per cent, 50 per cent, 25 per cent and 12.5 per cent of field capacity. A completely randomised experimental design was adopted to analyse the combined effects of pre-treatment and water stress on germination and growth parameters. Seedling performance was assessed in terms of emergence rate, germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, collar diameter and biomass. The results showed that hydro-priming significantly improved seedling establishment compared with untreated seeds, particularly under severe water-deficit conditions. Hydro-primed seeds stored for a short period (1 to 2 weeks) performed best, with an improvement in germination rate of up to approximately 79 per cent under general conditions and values exceeding 90 per cent under certain water-deficit regimes. The treatment also promoted a significant increase in growth parameters such as biomass, leaf development and root architecture. These results demonstrated that hydro-priming is a promising agroecological strategy for enhancing maize resilience to water stress induced by climate change.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous and Ethanolic Root Extracts of Cyperus scariosus Their Characterization and Evaluation of their Anthelmintic Activity

Anshika Santosh Gupta — 2026-10-08

Helminthiasis is a widespread disease affecting over a billion people globally. Current treatment measures for helminthiasis rely predominantly on antibiotics; however, growing anthelmintic drug resistance necessitates the inclusion of alternative treatment measures. Thus, this study pursued a sustainable nanotechnology approach through the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Cyperus scariosus.

The extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical profiles and utilised for the synthesis of AgNPs. The synthesised AgNPs were characterised by UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Both plant extracts, the synthesised AgNPs, and the standard drug Albendazole were evaluated for their comparative anthelmintic potential against the earthworms Eisenia fetida.

Phytochemical screening revealed tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and phenols in the aqueous extract, vis-a-vis alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and phenols in the ethanolic extract. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed AgNP formation, with surface plasmon resonance peaks obtained at 450 nm for aqueous AgNPs and 416 nm for ethanolic AgNPs. FTIR analysis exhibited eight peaks for aqueous AgNPs and five for ethanolic AgNPs, indicating the presence of varied functional groups. TEM analysis revealed quasi-spherical nanoparticles, with the well-dispersed aqueous AgNPs averaging ~91 nm and the less-dispersed ethanolic AgNPs averaging ~24 nm. FESEM confirmed the surface morphology, and EDX confirmed the silver content of both AgNP preparations, with 47.72 weight % silver in aqueous AgNPs and 34.91 weight % in ethanolic AgNPs. The anthelmintic assay showed potent dose-dependent effects for both aqueous and ethanolic AgNPs, surpassing the respective plant extracts and the standard drug Albendazole.

Thus, Cyperus scariosus root extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) serve as promising biogenic agents for AgNP synthesis, with the synthesised AgNPs showing potent therapeutic potential in anthelmintic applications.

Response of Phosphorus and Zinc on yield Parameters of Chickpea in Khaila, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Nalini Singh — 2026-10-06

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023 at the research farm of the Department of Agriculture, Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Khiala, Jalandhar, Punjab, to assess the response of chickpea yield parameters and economic returns to phosphorus and zinc application. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design with three replications and ten treatments comprising the recommended fertiliser dose and different phosphorus and zinc levels applied individually or in combination. Yield observations included pods per plant, seeds per pod, test weight, seed index, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index, together with cost of cultivation, gross return, net return, and benefit-cost ratio. Combined phosphorus and zinc application generally produced better yield and economic performance than individual nutrient applications and the control. The highest values were recorded for pods per plant (61.1), seeds per pod (2.67), test weight (270.23 g), seed index (14.20 g), seed yield (20.20 q ha⁻¹), straw yield (24.80 q ha⁻¹), and biological yield (44.70 q ha⁻¹). The same treatment recorded a cost of cultivation of ₹42,056 ha⁻¹, gross return of ₹125,187 ha⁻¹, net return of ₹83,131 ha⁻¹, and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.98. Under the conditions of this experiment, combined phosphorus and zinc application was associated with improved yield-related traits and economic returns in chickpea.

Standardization of an in vitro Callus Induction Protocol Using Nodal Explants of Maize (Zea mays L.): An Elite Inbred Line

Anil Kumar — 2026-10-05

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop with substantial value for food, feed and industrial applications. However, the efficiency of in vitro regeneration in maize is often influenced by genotype, explant type and culture conditions, which can limit the reproducibility of tissue-culture-based approaches. Therefore, developing an efficient callus induction system using readily available nodal explants is important for establishing a reliable foundation for subsequent regeneration and related biotechnological applications. This study evaluated an in vitro callus induction protocol for maize (Zea mays L.) genotype CML1514 using split nodal explants. Healthy nodal segments were excised from 7- to 10-day-old in vitro-raised seedlings and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. Seeds were surface sterilised with Tween-20 followed by 0.1% mercuric chloride and germinated in vitro prior to node excision; the excised nodes were further surface sterilised with 70% ethanol before culturing. For callus induction, nodal explants were cultured on MS medium containing ten combinations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D; 1.0-5.0 mg/l) with either 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 1.0-2.0 mg/l) or kinetin (1.0-2.0 mg/l). Among the tested treatments, MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l 2, 4-D and 2.0 mg/l BAP showed the strongest callusing response, with callus initiation observed within 5.7 days and a callus formation frequency of 93.3%. BAP consistently promoted faster callus initiation than kinetin across all 2, 4-D concentrations tested. Of the ten media combinations, six produced compact, embryogenic callus, while the remaining four produced soft, non-embryogenic callus. The study indicates that nodal explants can be used for rapid, high-frequency callus induction in CML1514, providing a reliable foundation for subsequent somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis.

Chromolaena odorata: An Integrative Review of Biology, Ecology, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Allelopathy and Emerging Agricultural Applications

Lakshmi S Vijapur — 2026-10-03

Chromolaena odorata combines invasive ecological behaviour with chemically diverse biomass that is investigated for medicinal and agricultural uses. These attributes are often reviewed separately, encouraging either an exclusively harmful portrayal or insufficiently qualified claims of usefulness. This critical narrative review integrates evidence on population biology, invasion mechanisms, phytochemistry, biological activities, allelopathy and agricultural applications published through 31 July 2026. Literature was selected through targeted searches of accessible scholarly indexes, regional sources and reference networks, with study design, material identity, exposure conditions and external validity used to interpret findings. The evidence supports context-dependent invasion success shaped by provenance, propagule production, resource availability, competitor identity and soil-mediated interactions. Chemical investigations identify flavonoids, phenolic constituents, volatile compounds and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but their distribution and biological relevance vary with plant organ, extraction procedure and formulation. Isolated compounds and extracts demonstrate biochemical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, while cell and animal experiments provide a stronger, although still preclinical, basis for selected wound-healing mechanisms. These findings do not establish clinical effectiveness or general safety. Allelopathic potential is supported by controlled assays, but the contribution of naturally occurring chemical exposure to field-scale invasion remains less securely resolved. Agricultural evidence is differentiated: compost has some crop-field support, whereas biochar, botanical herbicides and nematicidal preparations remain strongly dependent on soil conditions, processing and experimental setting. The same biomass can suppress seedlings when freshly extracted yet support crop growth after suitable transformation, without these outcomes being contradictory. A defensible development pathway therefore links authenticated material and chemical characterisation to realistic exposure, appropriate controls, safety assessment and net agronomic or ecological benefit. Utilisation should be evaluated as a component of containment and removal, rather than as a rationale for introducing or cultivating an invasive species. Priorities include replicated field experiments, environmental fate measurements, batch-standardised products and explicit assessment of the incentives created by biomass markets.

Evaluation of Turnip (Brassica napus) Production on Different Substrates in Côte d’Ivoire

Soumahoro Brahima André — 2026-10-01

Turnip (Brassica napus) production in Côte d’Ivoire is constrained by limited cultivable land, while reliance on chemical fertilisers raises environmental concerns. This study evaluated locally available soil–compost substrates for turnip production under soilless conditions at the École Normale Supérieure d’Abidjan from June to December 2025. Five substrate treatments were assessed: 100% soil (S1), 100% compost (S2), 75% compost + 25% soil (S3), 50% compost + 50% soil (S4), and 25% compost + 75% soil (S5). Seeds of the hybrid turnip variety MAXIMUS were sown in pots arranged under a shade structure, with watering applied as required. Germination rate, leaf production, plant height, and yield were evaluated. Germination was most rapid on S4, while substrates containing compost generally supported greater vegetative growth than the soil-only control. The highest number of leaves was recorded on S4 and S5. Plant height was greatest on the 100% compost substrate. Yield was highest on S4, reaching 1,820 kg/ha, whereas the soil-only control produced the lowest yield at 383 kg/ha. Overall, the 50% compost + 50% soil mixture provided the most favourable balance between vegetative development and yield. These findings support the use of a locally formulated soil–compost substrate for turnip production under the conditions of this experiment.

Identification of Blast-resistant Pearl Millet Genotypes under Field Conditions

Dinesh H. Chaudhary — 2026-09-30

Blast caused by Pyricularia grisea is an economically important foliar disease of pearl millet. The cultivation of resistant genotypes is the most economical, environmentally safe and sustainable approach for its management. Therefore, 40 pearl millet genotypes/varieties were evaluated for resistance to blast under field conditions at the Centre for Crop Improvement, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, during the Kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with two replications. A highly susceptible genotype, ICMB-95444, was planted as an infector line to ensure adequate and uniform disease development. Blast severity was assessed using the standard 0–9 disease-rating scale recommended by AICRP on Pearl Millet. None of the evaluated genotypes exhibited a highly resistant reaction. The genotypes ICMB-91777 and ICMB-10777 consistently exhibited a resistant reaction during both seasons. ICMB-91777 recorded disease intensities of 6.28 and 5.78 per cent during 2018 and 2019, respectively, whereas ICMB-10777 recorded corresponding disease intensities of 8.55 and 8.33 per cent. Eight genotypes were moderately resistant, 11 were moderately susceptible, 17 were susceptible and two were highly susceptible. JMSB-15388 and ICMB-07777 exhibited highly susceptible reactions during both seasons. The consistently resistant genotypes ICMB-91777 and ICMB-10777 may be utilized as potential resistance donors in pearl millet breeding programmes after validation across locations and against diverse pathogen populations.