Journal of Biochemistry International

Recent advances in cytopathology, particularly with the use of molecular and cellular technology, have significantly improved the accuracy and thoroughness of disease diagnosis. This advancement is enhancing the capacity to identify and characterise numerous illnesses, including cancer, at the molecular level, facilitating more precise diagnoses, early disease detection, and tailored treatment approaches. The integration of genomic methodologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fluorescence In situ hybridisation (FISH), has enabled cytopathologists to detect genetic mutations, chromosomal anomalies, and gene expression patterns essential for comprehending tumour biology and informing treatment strategies. Single-cell analysis helps us understand the genetic and phenotypic differences within cancer cells. It reveals unique groups of cells that play a role in how the disease grows and why some treatments don’t work. Innovative tools, such as liquid biopsy, are revolutionising the non-invasive identification and surveillance of cancer, facilitating real-time monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) and metastatic advancement. Digital pathology and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the way we work by making it faster and more accurate to analyse images. They help reduce personal bias and improve the reliability of diagnoses. The integration of new technology in cytopathology significantly influences clinical practice, enabling earlier detection, personalised therapies, and enhanced patient outcomes. The continuous investigation and enhancement of these techniques is expected to propel future advancements in precision diagnosis and personalised treatment, defining the forthcoming era of healthcare.