Journal of Biochemistry International

Genetic transformation has become an important tool in forestry to facilitate specific alterations improving tree growth, stress tolerance, and wood quality. This review summarizes the recent advances in genetic transformation systems like Agrobacterium mediated systems, gene gun, and nanoparticle-based systems that have revolutionized the efficiency and precision of gene transfer in tree crops. Genome editing systems like CRISPR-Cas9, TALENs, and ZFNs are revolutionizing tree biotechnology to make targeted gene modification possible without exogenous DNA introduction, solving the problems of abiotic stress tolerance (drought and salinity) and biotic resistance (pests and pathogens). RNA interference (RNAi) and gene stacking strategies also offer novel tools for enhancing multiple traits, while cisgenesis and intragenesis offer comparatively safer alternatives to transgenesis using inherent genetic material. Even with these developments, tree genetic engineering is confronted with several challenges in the form of low transformation efficiency levels, regulatory limitations, and public skepticism. Technical issues like transgene stability, unintended mutations, and species-specific resistance hinder the large-scale use of these technologies. Ethical and environmental issues, especially gene transfer to wild relatives, require the creation of effective containment methods and extensive risk assessments. However, the promise of genetically engineered trees to contribute to sustainable forestry, climate adaptation, and industrial usefulness highlights their significance. Future research should aim at refining transformation methods, enhancing the accuracy of genome editing, and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to synchronize biotechnological innovation with environmental and societal requirements.