ACUTE TOXICITY AND SUBLETHAL EFFECT OF CARBARYL ON BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF INDIAN EARTHWORM Lampito mauritii (KINBERG)
Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, Volume 13, Issue 4,
Page 1-11
Abstract
Application of many numbers of insecticides in the agricultural field has also threatened the soil beneficial organisms. Earthworms are one of the major soil biota. Carbaryl was commonly used insecticides against various insects in South India. Hence in present study was aimed to estimate acute toxicity and sublethal effect of carbaryl on biochemical responses of the L. mauritii. For acute toxicity study, mortality of earthworms was noted on 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after exposure to various carbaryl concentrations. From the study, sublethal concentrations of carbaryl (T1- 4.195 ppm and T2-13.984 ppm) was selected and estimated activities of following enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE). The lipid peroxides (LP) and glutathione levels (GSH) were also determined. The GSH, SOD, CAT, GST and AChE activities decreased than the control upto 15 days, thereafter slightly increased on the day 30. High level of LP and GSH were observed until 15 days and on 30th day they were decreased. The results suggested that carbaryl highly inhibited the normal biochemical responses of earthworm upto 15 days due to the presence of carbaryl residues in the soil substrate as well as body of earthworm. By the microbial degradation of carbaryl, recovery was observed on the 30th day of experiment.
Keywords:
- L. mauritii
- carbaryl
- lipid peroxidation
- soil
- antioxidant enzymes
How to Cite
KAVITHA, V., ANANDHAN, R., & BALASUBRAMANIAN, R. (2021). ACUTE TOXICITY AND SUBLETHAL EFFECT OF CARBARYL ON BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF INDIAN EARTHWORM Lampito mauritii (KINBERG). Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 13(4), 1–11. Retrieved from https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGEE/article/view/7148
References
Miller GT. Sustaining the earth, 6th Ed., Thompson Learning, Inc. Pacific Grove, California; 2004.
Bouche MB. Earthworm species and ecotoxicological studies. In Greig-Smith PW, Becker H, Edwards PJ and Heimbach eds., Ecotoxicology of earthworms. Intercept. Andover, UK. 1992;20.
Kladivko EJ, MacKay AD, Bradford JM. Earthworms as a factor in the reduction of soil crusting. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1986;50:191–196.
Cathey B. Comparative toxicities of insecticides to the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Agriculture and Environment . 1982;7:73-81.
Rajendra KH, Rajesh CG, Mirza UB. Toxicity assessment of four insecticides to earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990;45:358-364.
Vikram Reddy M, Ravinder Reddy V. Effects of organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on the population structure and biomass of earthworms in a semi arid tropical grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1992;24:1733-1738.
Ribera D, Narbonne JF, Arhowel C, Saint Devis M. Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil, effects of carbaryl. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2001;33:1123-1130.
Ramalingam R, Kavitha V. Toxicity and sublethal effect of nimbecidine (Neem Pesticide) on the growth and reproduction of an Indian earthworm, Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). Annamalai Univ. Science J. 2006;43:99-106.
Booth LH, Hepplethwaite V, Eason CT. Cholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase in the earthworm Apporectodea caliginosa as biomarkers of organophosphate exposure. Proc. 51st New Zealand plant protection conf. New Zealand. 1998;138-142.
Scaps P, Demuynck S, Descamps M. Effects of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997;33:203–208. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900244.
Saint – Denis M, Narbonne JF, Arnaud C, Ribera D. Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida anderi exposed to contaminated artificial soil, effects of benzo(a)pyrene. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 1999;31:1837-1846.
Booth LH, Heppelthwaite VJ, O’ Halloran K. Growth, development and fecundity of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa after exposure to two organophosphates. New Zealand plant production. 2000;53:221-225.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1990;280:1–8.
Kehrer JP. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1993;23:21–48.
Rao KSP, Rao KVR. Effects of sublethal concentration of methylparathion on selected oxidative enzymes and organic constituents in the tissue of the freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Current Science. 1979;48:526-528.
Coglianese MP, Neff JM. Biochemical response of blue crab, callinectes sapidus, to pentachlorophenol. In: vernberg, W.B., Calabrese, A., Thurberg, F.P., Thurberg, F.J., (Eds.). Physiological mechanisms of marine pollutant toxicity. Academic press, New York. 1982;127-143.
Rajyalakshmi A, Reddy TG. Effect of carbaryl and lindane on the lipid content of maternal tissues and embryos of the viviparous scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes (Koch). Journal of Environmental Biology. 1988;9:97-105.
Sujatha CH, Nair SM, Chacko J. Tissue lipid levels of the clam Villorita cyprenoides var. Cochinesis following exposure to endosulfan, malathion and methyl parathion. Environmental Toxicology and water quality. 1995;10:231-235.
Rannug A, Rannug U. Enzyme inhibition as possible mechanism of the mutagenicity of dithiocarbamic acid derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium. Chemico-Biological Interactions.1984;49:329-340.
Caselli F, Gastaldi L, Gambi N, Fabbri E. In vitro characterization of cholinesterases in the earthworm Eisenia andrei.Comparative Biochemistry and physiology. 2006;part C.143:416-421.
EEC (European Economic Community). Directive 79/831, Annex V, Part C: Methods for the Determination of EcotoxicityLevel 1. Commission of the European Communities; 1982. DG. X1/ 127-129/82 Rev. 1.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Guidelines for testing of chemicals, earthworms acute toxicity tests (filter paper test and artificial soil test). 1984;207:1-9.
Finney DF. Probit analysis. Cambridge University press, London. 1971;333.
Sprague JB. Measurement of pollutant toxicity of fish. III sublethal effects 'Safe' concentrations. Water Res. 1971;5:245-266.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farand AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with a folin phenol reagent. Journal biological chemistry. 1951;193:265-275.
Nichens WC, Jr Samuelson B. Formulation of malondialdehyde from phospholipid arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur. J. Biochem. 1968;6:126-130.
Ellman GC. Tissue sulfhydys groups. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1959;82:70-77.
Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectro photometric assay of SOD. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984;21:130-132.
Sinha KA. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Ann Biochem. 1972;47:389-394.
Habig WH, Pabst M, Jackoby WBC. Glutathione S-transferase. First enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 1974;249:7130-7139.
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Feather Stove RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetyl cholinesterase activities. Biochem. pharmacol. 1961;7:88-95.
Kyung-Hee Shin, Kyoung Woong Kim. Ecotoxicity monitoring of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil using earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2001;70:93-103.
Bakthavathsalam R, Rajaraman R. Relative toxicity of carbofuran to the earthworm, Lampito mauritii (Templeton) kept in different substrates. Environ. Ecol. 2003;21:137-142.
Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ. In vitro and In vivo generation of reactive species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology. 1995;104:129-140.
Davey SP. Effects of chemicals on earthworms: a review of the literature. Special scientific Report-Wildlife, No 74. U.S. Department of the Interior Washington; 1963.
Martin NA. Effect of four insecticides on the pasture ecosystem V. Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) and arthropoda extracted by wet sieving and salt flotation. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 1976;19:111-115.
Burrows LA, Edwards CA. The use of integrated soil microcosms to predict effect of pesticides on soil ecosystems. European journal of soil Biology. 2002;8:245-249.
Yajuan Shi, Yajing Shi, Xin Wang, Yonglong Lu, Shifa Yan. Comparative effects of Lindane and deltamethrin on mortality, growth, and cellulase activity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology. 2007;89:31-38.
Kavitha V, Anandhan R, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Almanaa KM, Govidarajan M. Impact of pesticide monocrotophos on microbial populations and histology of intestine in the Indian earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). Microbial pathogenesis. 2020;139. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103893
Mosleh YY, Severine paris-palacios, Michel Couderchet, Sylvie Biagiamti-Risbourg, Ovuy Vernet. Effects of the herbicide Isoproturon on metallothioneins, Growth and Antioxidative defenses in the aquatic worm Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae). Ecotoxicology. 2005;559-571.
Yiin SJ, Chan CL, Sheu JY, Tseng WC, Lin TFH. Cadmium induced Lipid peroxidation in rat testes and protection by selenium. Biometals. 1999;12:353-359.
Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Hassoun EA. Cadmium-induced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, DNA damage, glutathione depletion, and hepatic lipid peroxidation in sprague-dawley rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;52:143. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02789456
Luo Yu, Zang Yu, Yuan zhong, Zhiming Kong. Toxicological study of two novel pesticides on earthworm Eisenia foetida. Chemosphere.1999;39(13):2347-2356.
Chaseaud LF. The role of glutathione and glutathione – S./ transferase in the chemical carcinogens and other electriphillicagens. Adv. Cancer Res. 1979;29:175-274.
Hans RK, Khan MA, Farooq M, Beg MU. Glutathione –S-transferase activity in an earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) exposed to three insecticides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1993;25:509-511.
Kwong TC. Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Ther. Drug. Monit. 2002;24:144-149.
Kavitha P, Venkateswara Rao J. Oxidative stress and locomotor behaviour response as biomarkers for assessing recovery status of mosquito fish (Gambused affinis) after lethal effect of an orgonophosphate pesticide, monocrotophos. Pestic. Biochem. Phisiol. 2007;87(2):182-188.
Panda S, Sahu SK. Recovery of acetylehdine esterase activity of Drawida willsi (oligochaeta) following application of three pesticides to soil. Chemosphere. 2004;55:283-290.
Day KE, Scott IM. Use of acetylcholinesterase activity to detect sublethal toxicity in stream invertebrates exposed to low concentrations of organophosphate insecticides. Aquatic Toxicol.18. 1990;101-114.
Pradhan S, Mishra PC. Inhibition and recovery kinetics of acetylcholinesterase activity in Drawida calebi and insecticide. Ball. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1998;60:904-908.
Kavitha V, Manimegala G, Ramalingam, R. Growth and reproduction of the earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg), after exposure to sublethal concentrations of an organophosphate pesticide – monocrotophos, Ecoscan. 2008;2:47–50.
Bouche MB. Earthworm species and ecotoxicological studies. In Greig-Smith PW, Becker H, Edwards PJ and Heimbach eds., Ecotoxicology of earthworms. Intercept. Andover, UK. 1992;20.
Kladivko EJ, MacKay AD, Bradford JM. Earthworms as a factor in the reduction of soil crusting. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1986;50:191–196.
Cathey B. Comparative toxicities of insecticides to the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Agriculture and Environment . 1982;7:73-81.
Rajendra KH, Rajesh CG, Mirza UB. Toxicity assessment of four insecticides to earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990;45:358-364.
Vikram Reddy M, Ravinder Reddy V. Effects of organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on the population structure and biomass of earthworms in a semi arid tropical grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1992;24:1733-1738.
Ribera D, Narbonne JF, Arhowel C, Saint Devis M. Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil, effects of carbaryl. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2001;33:1123-1130.
Ramalingam R, Kavitha V. Toxicity and sublethal effect of nimbecidine (Neem Pesticide) on the growth and reproduction of an Indian earthworm, Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). Annamalai Univ. Science J. 2006;43:99-106.
Booth LH, Hepplethwaite V, Eason CT. Cholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase in the earthworm Apporectodea caliginosa as biomarkers of organophosphate exposure. Proc. 51st New Zealand plant protection conf. New Zealand. 1998;138-142.
Scaps P, Demuynck S, Descamps M. Effects of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997;33:203–208. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900244.
Saint – Denis M, Narbonne JF, Arnaud C, Ribera D. Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida anderi exposed to contaminated artificial soil, effects of benzo(a)pyrene. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 1999;31:1837-1846.
Booth LH, Heppelthwaite VJ, O’ Halloran K. Growth, development and fecundity of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa after exposure to two organophosphates. New Zealand plant production. 2000;53:221-225.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1990;280:1–8.
Kehrer JP. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1993;23:21–48.
Rao KSP, Rao KVR. Effects of sublethal concentration of methylparathion on selected oxidative enzymes and organic constituents in the tissue of the freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Current Science. 1979;48:526-528.
Coglianese MP, Neff JM. Biochemical response of blue crab, callinectes sapidus, to pentachlorophenol. In: vernberg, W.B., Calabrese, A., Thurberg, F.P., Thurberg, F.J., (Eds.). Physiological mechanisms of marine pollutant toxicity. Academic press, New York. 1982;127-143.
Rajyalakshmi A, Reddy TG. Effect of carbaryl and lindane on the lipid content of maternal tissues and embryos of the viviparous scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes (Koch). Journal of Environmental Biology. 1988;9:97-105.
Sujatha CH, Nair SM, Chacko J. Tissue lipid levels of the clam Villorita cyprenoides var. Cochinesis following exposure to endosulfan, malathion and methyl parathion. Environmental Toxicology and water quality. 1995;10:231-235.
Rannug A, Rannug U. Enzyme inhibition as possible mechanism of the mutagenicity of dithiocarbamic acid derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium. Chemico-Biological Interactions.1984;49:329-340.
Caselli F, Gastaldi L, Gambi N, Fabbri E. In vitro characterization of cholinesterases in the earthworm Eisenia andrei.Comparative Biochemistry and physiology. 2006;part C.143:416-421.
EEC (European Economic Community). Directive 79/831, Annex V, Part C: Methods for the Determination of EcotoxicityLevel 1. Commission of the European Communities; 1982. DG. X1/ 127-129/82 Rev. 1.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Guidelines for testing of chemicals, earthworms acute toxicity tests (filter paper test and artificial soil test). 1984;207:1-9.
Finney DF. Probit analysis. Cambridge University press, London. 1971;333.
Sprague JB. Measurement of pollutant toxicity of fish. III sublethal effects 'Safe' concentrations. Water Res. 1971;5:245-266.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farand AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with a folin phenol reagent. Journal biological chemistry. 1951;193:265-275.
Nichens WC, Jr Samuelson B. Formulation of malondialdehyde from phospholipid arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur. J. Biochem. 1968;6:126-130.
Ellman GC. Tissue sulfhydys groups. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1959;82:70-77.
Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectro photometric assay of SOD. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984;21:130-132.
Sinha KA. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Ann Biochem. 1972;47:389-394.
Habig WH, Pabst M, Jackoby WBC. Glutathione S-transferase. First enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 1974;249:7130-7139.
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Feather Stove RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetyl cholinesterase activities. Biochem. pharmacol. 1961;7:88-95.
Kyung-Hee Shin, Kyoung Woong Kim. Ecotoxicity monitoring of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil using earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2001;70:93-103.
Bakthavathsalam R, Rajaraman R. Relative toxicity of carbofuran to the earthworm, Lampito mauritii (Templeton) kept in different substrates. Environ. Ecol. 2003;21:137-142.
Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ. In vitro and In vivo generation of reactive species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology. 1995;104:129-140.
Davey SP. Effects of chemicals on earthworms: a review of the literature. Special scientific Report-Wildlife, No 74. U.S. Department of the Interior Washington; 1963.
Martin NA. Effect of four insecticides on the pasture ecosystem V. Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) and arthropoda extracted by wet sieving and salt flotation. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 1976;19:111-115.
Burrows LA, Edwards CA. The use of integrated soil microcosms to predict effect of pesticides on soil ecosystems. European journal of soil Biology. 2002;8:245-249.
Yajuan Shi, Yajing Shi, Xin Wang, Yonglong Lu, Shifa Yan. Comparative effects of Lindane and deltamethrin on mortality, growth, and cellulase activity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology. 2007;89:31-38.
Kavitha V, Anandhan R, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Almanaa KM, Govidarajan M. Impact of pesticide monocrotophos on microbial populations and histology of intestine in the Indian earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). Microbial pathogenesis. 2020;139. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103893
Mosleh YY, Severine paris-palacios, Michel Couderchet, Sylvie Biagiamti-Risbourg, Ovuy Vernet. Effects of the herbicide Isoproturon on metallothioneins, Growth and Antioxidative defenses in the aquatic worm Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae). Ecotoxicology. 2005;559-571.
Yiin SJ, Chan CL, Sheu JY, Tseng WC, Lin TFH. Cadmium induced Lipid peroxidation in rat testes and protection by selenium. Biometals. 1999;12:353-359.
Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Hassoun EA. Cadmium-induced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, DNA damage, glutathione depletion, and hepatic lipid peroxidation in sprague-dawley rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;52:143. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02789456
Luo Yu, Zang Yu, Yuan zhong, Zhiming Kong. Toxicological study of two novel pesticides on earthworm Eisenia foetida. Chemosphere.1999;39(13):2347-2356.
Chaseaud LF. The role of glutathione and glutathione – S./ transferase in the chemical carcinogens and other electriphillicagens. Adv. Cancer Res. 1979;29:175-274.
Hans RK, Khan MA, Farooq M, Beg MU. Glutathione –S-transferase activity in an earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) exposed to three insecticides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1993;25:509-511.
Kwong TC. Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Ther. Drug. Monit. 2002;24:144-149.
Kavitha P, Venkateswara Rao J. Oxidative stress and locomotor behaviour response as biomarkers for assessing recovery status of mosquito fish (Gambused affinis) after lethal effect of an orgonophosphate pesticide, monocrotophos. Pestic. Biochem. Phisiol. 2007;87(2):182-188.
Panda S, Sahu SK. Recovery of acetylehdine esterase activity of Drawida willsi (oligochaeta) following application of three pesticides to soil. Chemosphere. 2004;55:283-290.
Day KE, Scott IM. Use of acetylcholinesterase activity to detect sublethal toxicity in stream invertebrates exposed to low concentrations of organophosphate insecticides. Aquatic Toxicol.18. 1990;101-114.
Pradhan S, Mishra PC. Inhibition and recovery kinetics of acetylcholinesterase activity in Drawida calebi and insecticide. Ball. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1998;60:904-908.
Kavitha V, Manimegala G, Ramalingam, R. Growth and reproduction of the earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg), after exposure to sublethal concentrations of an organophosphate pesticide – monocrotophos, Ecoscan. 2008;2:47–50.
-
Abstract View: 455 times
PDF Download: 4 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Current Issue
Subscription
Login to access subscriber-only resources.