Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology

Caffeine is the most universally consumed psychoactive substance which stimulates the nervous system and is found in coffee, tea, energy drinks and other dietary supplements. Its neurobiological actions involve adenosine receptor antagonism, neurotransmitter modulation, and alterations in intracellular signalling pathways, all of which contribute to its psychostimulant effects. This review aims to synthesize current research exploring the beneficial and adverse impacts of caffeine on mental health. Existing literature indicates that moderate caffeine intake may elevate mood, enhance alertness, reduce fatigue, and improve certain aspects of cognitive function. Conversely, excessive or poorly regulated caffeine consumption has been associated with anxiety, sleep disturbances, dependence, and withdrawal-related symptoms. This review highlights the potential protective impact of moderate caffeine intake, particularly in relation to neurodegenerative illnesses, outlines the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects, and addresses the effects of different caffeine delivery modalities on mental health across age and sex, recognizing that individual characteristics may influence mental health outcomes.  In order to give a thorough grasp of the various psychological effects of caffeine and to support evidence based suggestions for responsible and safe usage, it also incorporates case studies and actual consumption patterns.